ChemInform Abstract: Phytochemistry and Chemotaxonomy of the Convolvulaceae. Part 5. Tropane Alkaloids with a Unique Type of Acyl Moiety from Two Convolvulus Species.

How did authors control the literary fates of fictional characters before the existence of copyright? Could a second author do anything with another author’s character? Situated between the decline of the privilege system and the rise of copyright, literary borrowing in eighteenth-century Germany has long been considered unregulated. This book tells a different story. Characters before Copyright documents the surprisingly widespread eighteenth-century practice of writing fan fiction—literary works written by readers who appropriate preexisting characters invented by other authors—and reconstructs the contemporaneous debate about the literary phenomenon. Like fan fiction today, these texts took the form of sequels, prequels, and spinoffs. Analyzing the evolving reading, writing, and consumer habits of late-eighteenth-century Germany, Characters before Copyright identifies the social, economic, and aesthetic changes that fostered the rapid rise of fan fiction after 1750. Based on archival work and an ethnographic approach borrowed from legal anthropology, this book then uncovers the unwritten customary norms that governed the production of these works. Characters before Copyright thus reinterprets the eighteenth-century “literary commons,” arguing that what may appear to have been the free circulation of characters was actually circumscribed by an exacting set of rules and conditions. These norms translated into a unique type of literature that gave rise to remarkable forms of collaborative authorship and originality. Characters before Copyright provides a new perspective on the eighteenth-century book trade and the rise of intellectual property, reevaluating the concept of literary property, the history of moral rights, and the tradition of free culture.

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Ecological Connectivity in Agricultural Green Infrastructure: Suggested Criteria for Fine Scale Assessment and Planning

Land ◽

10.3390/land10080807 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 807

Author(s):

Simone Valeri ◽

Laura Zavattero ◽

Giulia Capotorti

Keyword(s):

Land Cover ◽

Green Infrastructure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Landscape Heterogeneity ◽

Agricultural Landscapes ◽

Spatial Pattern Analysis ◽

Fine Scale ◽

Unique Type

In promoting biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service capacity, landscape connectivity is considered a critical feature to counteract the negative effects of fragmentation. Under a Green Infrastructure (GI) perspective, this is especially true in rural and peri-urban areas where a high degree of connectivity may be associated with the enhancement of agriculture multifunctionality and sustainability. With respect to GI planning and connectivity assessment, the role of dispersal traits of tree species is gaining increasing attention. However, little evidence is available on how to select plant species to be primarily favored, as well as on the role of landscape heterogeneity and habitat quality in driving the dispersal success. The present work is aimed at suggesting a methodological approach for addressing these knowledge gaps, at fine scales and for peri-urban agricultural landscapes, by means of a case study in the Metropolitan City of Rome. The study area was stratified into Environmental Units, each supporting a unique type of Potential Natural Vegetation (PNV), and a multi-step procedure was designed for setting priorities aimed at enhancing connectivity. First, GI components were defined based on the selection of the target species to be supported, on a fine scale land cover mapping and on the assessment of land cover type naturalness. Second, the study area was characterized by a Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) and connectivity was assessed by Number of Components (NC) and functional connectivity metrics. Third, conservation and restoration measures have been prioritized and statistically validated. Notwithstanding the recognized limits, the approach proved to be functional in the considered context and at the adopted level of detail. Therefore, it could give useful methodological hints for the requalification of transitional urban–rural areas and for the achievement of related sustainable development goals in metropolitan regions.

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Texts: A Case Study of Joint Action

SATS ◽

10.1515/sats-2019-0029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Nivedita Gangopadhyay ◽

Alois Pichler

Keyword(s):

Social Cognition ◽

Digital Media ◽

Philosophy Of Mind ◽

Joint Action ◽

Digital Humanities ◽

Linguistic Communication ◽

Unique Type ◽

Joint Actions ◽

Spatio Temporal

Abstract Our linguistic communication often takes the form of creating texts. In this paper, we propose that creating texts or ‘texting’ is a form of joint action. We examine the nature and evolution of this joint action. We argue that creating texts ushers in a special type of joint action, which, while lacking some central features of normal, everyday joint actions such as spatio-temporal collocation of agency and embodiment, nonetheless results in an authentic, strong, and unique type of joint action agency. This special type of agency is already present in creating texts in general and is further augmented in creating texts through digital media. We propose that such a unique type of joint action agency has a transformative effect on the experience of our sense of agency and subjectivity. We conclude with the implications of the proposal for social cognition and social agency. The paper combines research in philosophy of mind with the emerging fields of digital humanities and text technology.

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Analytical and in silico study of the inclusion complexes between tropane alkaloids atropine and scopolamine with cyclodextrins

Chemical Papers ◽

10.1007/s11696-021-01742-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Monica Butnariu ◽

Massimiliano Peana ◽

Ioan Sarac ◽

Salvatore Chirumbolo ◽

Haralampos Tzoupis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Modeling ◽

Test Performance ◽

Tropane Alkaloids ◽

Datura Stramonium ◽

In Silico Study ◽

Modeling Techniques ◽

Poorly Soluble ◽

Application Potential ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Allelopathic Compounds

AbstractDatura stramonium L. (Solanaceae) possesses a rich tropane alkaloids (TAs) spectrum. The plant contains, in particular, the allelopathic compounds scopolamine and atropine, which are poorly soluble in water, thus limiting their use in agrochemical formulations as biocidal and deterrent agents against herbivore insects. The efficacy of the hydrophobic TAs extracts could be increased with the improvement of their dissolution/leaching properties. This is important for improving screening and test performance and for elucidating the activity of environmentally friendly agricultural approaches, with new perspectives for the production and use of those biodegradable insecticidal products. The present study explores the aspects of atropine and scopolamine complexation with cyclodextrin (CDs) through FT-IR and UV–Vis spectroscopies. In addition, the structures of the inclusion complex of atropine, scopolamine and β-CD have been investigated by molecular modeling techniques. The results obtained indicate that β-CDs are a promising carriers for improving the properties of TAs, therefore increasing their application potential in agrochemical formulations. Graphic abstract

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The taxonomic and nomenclatural status of the nomen Anabates pulvericolor Sclater, 1858 (Aves: Furnariidae), with a neotype designation

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4560.3.7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4560 (3) ◽

pp. 554 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

RENATA STOPIGLIA ◽

ALAIN DUBOIS ◽

FLÁVIO A. BOCKMANN ◽

MARCOS A. RAPOSO

Keyword(s):

Type Locality ◽

Unique Type ◽

Original Type ◽

Subjective Synonym

Different authors have suggested that Anabates pulvericolor Sclater, 1858 might be the valid nomen for Synallaxis propinqua Pelzeln, 1859 or for Synallaxis gujanensis huallagae Cory, 1919. However, due to doubts regarding the taxonomic identity of Anabates pulvericolor Sclater, 1858, of which the unique type is lost, neither of these nomina has been displaced by the senior nomen pulvericolor. Our analysis of the case reveals that Anabates pulvericolor Sclater, 1858 is correctly identifiable with Synallaxis gujanensis huallagae Cory, 1919, of which it is a senior subjective synonym. According to the Code, the senior subjective synonym Synallaxis gujanensis pulvericolor (Sclater, 1858) should be adopted. Given the fact that the holotype of Anabates pulvericolor Sclater, 1858 is missing and that it has been impossible to identify it from its description until now, we designate a neotype from“Río Napo, Ecuador”, its original type locality.

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The Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria—Effective Enhancers of Growth and Chemical Composition of Egyptian Henbane under Varied Mineral N Nutrition

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10070921 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 921

Author(s):

Rania M. A. Nassar ◽

Engy A. Seleem ◽

Gianluca Caruso ◽

Agnieszka Sekara ◽

Magdi T. Abdelhamid

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Tropane Alkaloids ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Recommended Dose ◽

Mineral N ◽

N Nutrition ◽

N Dose ◽

Egyptian Henbane

Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus L.) plants are rich sources of alkaloids used in pharmaceutical products. Recently, rising efforts have been devoted to reducing mineral fertilizer supply, production cost, and environmental pollution via decreasing the doses of nitrogenous fertilizers and adopting biofertilizer farming systems. Two field experiments were conducted to examine the potential role of N fixing bacteria Azotobacter spp. and Azospirillum spp. on the growth, mineral status, tropane alkaloids, leaf anatomy, and seed yield of Egyptian henbane grown with different levels of mineral nitrogen fertilizer, i.e., 25%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended dose, equal to 30, 60, and 120 kg N ha−1. N fertilizer improved growth, mineral elements, tropane alkaloids, seed yield, and yield components of Egyptian henbane, which showed a gradually rising trend as the rate of N fertilizer increased. High doses of N fertilizer presumably elicited favorable changes in the anatomical structure of Egyptian henbane leaves. The application of 50% N dose plus N fixing bacteria affected Egyptian henbane trials similarly to 100% of recommended N dose. In conclusion, the N fixing bacteria proved to be a sustainable tool for a two-fold reduction in the recommended dose of mineral N fertilizer and the sustainable management of Egyptian henbane nutrition.

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EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF THE TROPANE ALKALOIDS OF DATURA STRAMONIUM L. (SOLANACEAE)

Evolution ◽

10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00079.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 778-788 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Irene Shonle ◽

Joy Bergelson

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Ecology ◽

Tropane Alkaloids ◽

Datura Stramonium

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Qurʾān and Sunna or the Madhhabs?: A Salafi Polemic Against Islamic Legal Tradition

Islamic Law and Society ◽

10.1163/15685195-00240a01 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 211-253

Author(s):

Emad Hamdeh

Keyword(s):

Critical Role ◽

Social Climate ◽

Religious Movement ◽

Legal Tradition ◽

Unique Type ◽

Absolute Truth ◽

Rhetorical Strategy ◽

The Absolute ◽

Annotated Translation ◽

Shed Light

The Albanian scholar Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (d. 1999) established a unique type of Salafism, a movement whose adherents follow a puritanical model of Muslim creed, exegesis, and conduct that is critical of madhhab Traditionalism. In this article I present an annotated translation of an audio lecture in which Albānī attempted to defend Salafism against its anti-madhhab image. I shed light on the religious and social climate that played a critical role in triggering Albānī’s disdain for Traditionalism and led him to discredit madhhab Traditionalist fiqh and replace it with his own interpretation of the jurisprudential requirements of Islamic scripture. Among the arguments I make is that Albānī’s claim to follow only the Qurʾān and Sunna is a rhetorical strategy designed to present Salafism as the absolute truth and distinguish it from being categorized as another madhhab or religious movement. 

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