Over time variation in microsatellite (ssr) patterns in a natural wild potato population from northwest Argentina

Crop Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leofanti Gabriela Agustina ◽  
Camadro Elsa Lucila ◽  
Erazzú Luis Ernesto
Keyword(s):  
Time Variation ◽  
Wild Potato ◽  
Northwest Argentina ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Moral Hazard and Claims Deterrence in Private Disability Insurance

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Autor ◽  
Mark Duggan ◽  
Jonathan Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Disability Insurance ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Waiting Period ◽  
Over Time

Exploiting within-firm, over-time variation in plan parameters for nearly 10,000 Long Term Disability (LTD) policies held by US employers, we present the first empirical analysis of the determinants of private LTD spells. We find that a shorter waiting period and a higher replacement rate increase the incidence of LTD spells. Sixty percent of the latter effect is due to the mechanical censoring of shorter spells, with the remainder due to the deterrence of spells that would have continued beyond the waiting period. Deterrence is driven primarily by a reduction in the incidence of shorter duration spells and less severe disabilities. (JEL D82, G22, J28, J32)

National State Capacity and Maritime Piracy

Pirate Lands ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 98-118
Author(s):  
Ursula Daxecker ◽  
Brandon Prins
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
State Capacity ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Maritime Piracy ◽  
Exclusive Economic Zones ◽  
National Capacity ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Cross National

This chapter models and empirically tests the cross-national correlates of contemporary commerce raiding. The chapter theoretically examines how state capacity at the center influences the rate of pirate attacks in the territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zones of states. But it also recognizes that several other conditions help drive ship attacks, including privation, target opportunity, armed conflict, and the labor supply. The empirical models control for these factors when assessing cross-national and over-time variation in maritime piracy. Using multiple measures of state capacity, the chapter shows that pirates gravitate toward states that are weak at the center. It also finds that countries with larger populations, longer coastlines, proximity to maritime choke points, and poor economic conditions witness more pirate attacks. The last section discusses how to move from national capacity in the analyses presented in this chapter to subnational capacity in the next two chapters.

scholarly journals Time variation in the size of the multiplier: a Kalecki–Harrod approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Setterfield
Keyword(s):  
Time Variation ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Dynamic Theory ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Over Time

A growing empirical literature demonstrates that the size of the expenditure multiplier varies over time, being both larger and consistently greater than one during periods of slow growth and/or recession. This paper contributes to the theory of the time-varying multiplier. It is shown that a combination of Kalecki's dynamic theory of investment and Harrod's ‘satisficing’ approach to the investment decision furnish a theory in which the ‘crowding in’ of investment expenditures following an initial demand stimulus gives rise to an elevated expenditure multiplier during times of pronounced macroeconomic distress.

scholarly journals Vacillating Behavior of TOM Effect and Adaptive Market Hypothesis: A Firm Level Evidence from Emerging Stock Market of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Muhammad Naeem Shahid ◽  
Dr. Khalid Latif ◽  
Ghulam Mujtaba Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
Efficient Market Hypothesis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Time Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Through the current study we amplify the available literature on AMH (Adaptive Market Hypothesis) and calendar anomalies because this is the first study of its nature which links TOM effect with AMH which allows the behavior of conventional TOM-effect to swing over time. To fulfill the drive, study investigates daily mean return from PSX of Pakistan using data of 107 firms individually over a longer period of time ranging 1996-2015. To discover the time variation in the levels of predictability of TOM returns, study uses four different sub-samples covering identical length of observations of five years each to investigate how TOM effect has performed over time. There are few studies in the literature investigating TOM effect at firm level and very rare studies examining TOM effect through (AMH), so the current study may be of importance and interest to finance researcher, academicians and practitioners alike. To elucidate the volatility and its varying nature, the study applies GARCH (1,1) regression model which enables for time-variation in volatility of security returns. Kruskal-Wallis test-statistic is used to handle non normality in the equity return series. We find that with the passage of time performance of TOM effect evolves, consistent and aligned with the assertion of AMH. Finally, this study exhibits that behavior of TOM effect is well elucidated by Adaptive Market Hypothesis (AMH) than conventional Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). The results may be used for better decision making for investors and the article complements studies on market efficiency and TOM effect in developing and developed countries.

What Drives the Gender Wage Gap? Examining the Roles of Sorting, Productivity Differences, Bargaining and Discrimination

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Isabelle Sin ◽  
Steven Stillman ◽  
Richard Fabling
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Taste Discrimination ◽  
Employee Data ◽  
Over Time

As in other OECD countries, women in New Zealand earn substantially less than men with similar observable characteristics. In this paper, we use fifteen years of linked employer-employee data to examine different explanations for this gender wage gap. We find an overall gender wage gap between 20 and 28 percent, of which gender differences in sorting across occupations explain 9, across industries 16 to 19, and across firms 5 to 9 percent, respectively. The remaining within-firm gender wage gap is still between 13 and 17 percent. Around 5 percentage points of this are explained by women being less willing to bargain or less successful at bargaining to capture firm-specific rents. Gender differences in productivity also explain at most 4.5 percentage points of this remaining gap. These results suggest that taste discrimination is also important for explaining why women are paid less than their relative contribution to firm output. Across-industry and over-time variation in the gender wage-productivity gap further support this conclusion.

scholarly journals Borderline Viewpoints: The Early Iron Age Landscapes of Henged Mountains in East Central Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-114
Author(s):  
Åsa Wall
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
East Central ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Over Time

The concept "henged mountain" refers to different archaeological categories of enclosure (hill-forts, enclosures and ceremonial enclosures) that have one thing in common; they all delimit a mountain top. This study focuses on the henged mountains of east central Sweden, taking its point of departure in the henges of eastern Södermanland. It is argued that the henges need to be understood as monuments with an influence over time. Instead of grouping henged mountains into separate categories divided by time, variation between areas is considered. The aim is to show that variations in the henge material express different ways of perceiving landscape and organising social life.

scholarly journals Day-of-the-week effect in Nigerian stock exchange: adaptive market hypothesis approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Anthony Olugbenga Adaramola ◽  
Kehinde Oladeji Adekanmbi
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Market Condition ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Day Of The Week ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity ◽  
Over Time

The problems that this study informed are rooted in the uncertainty surrounding the presence of calendar anomalies in the Nigerian stock market and the need to ascertain whether calendar anomaly is changing with time and market condition according to the adaptive market hypothesis. This study evaluates how calendar anomaly behaves over time in the Nigerian stock market through the day-of-the-week effect since the latest trend is to examine time-changing anomaly. The general All Share Index returns of the Nigerian Stock Exchange between 2000 and 2017 are used in the analysis. Secondary daily index returns data for the period are sourced from the NSE Fact Book. The major estimation techniques employed in the study are the mean equations of the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) and overlapping sub-period methodology. Moreover, returns are grouped into Up and Down periods depending on the periods that generate positive and negative returns, respectively. This study found out that Monday (MON), Tuesday (TUE), and Friday (FRI) effects are the only adaptive day-of-the-week effects. Thus, three (MON, TUE, FRI) day of the week effects found in the full sample are time-varying in subsample and are affected by market condition. On the whole, MON and Thursday (THUR) effects are found in Bull, while TUE and FRI are found in Bear. The investor must be careful to take time-variation into consideration; otherwise, they may incur a loss by thinking that the day-of-the-week effect is present every time.

Treating the sick poor: a quantitative overview

2018 ◽  
pp. 107-147
Author(s):  
Steven King
Keyword(s):  
Time Variation ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Welfare Spending ◽  
Upward Shift ◽  
Community Types ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Economic Distribution

This chapter provides a quantitative overview of the scale and complexion of medical welfare for the period 1750-1834. It focuses on the records of 117 parishes across seven English counties, specially chosen to reflect the socio-economic distribution of English communities at the time. Investigating change over time, variation between different areas and between different community types, the essential finding of the chapter is that there was a concerted upward shift in the scale of medical welfare spending by the mid-1810s.

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