scholarly journals Climatic displacement exacerbates the negative impact of drought on plant performance and associated arthropod abundance

Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan R. Croy ◽  
Jessica D. Pratt ◽  
Daniel Sheng ◽  
Kailen A. Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Arthropod Abundance

scholarly journals Effect of UV Radiation and Salt Stress on the Accumulation of Economically Relevant Secondary Metabolites in Bell Pepper Plants

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Ellenberger ◽  
Nils Siefen ◽  
Priska Krefting ◽  
Jan-Bernd Schulze Lutum ◽  
Daniel Pfarr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Uv Stress

The green biomass of horticultural plants contains valuable secondary metabolites (SM), which can potentially be extracted and sold. When exposed to stress, plants accumulate higher amounts of these SMs, making the extraction and commercialization even more attractive. We evaluated the potential for accumulating the flavones cynaroside and graveobioside A in leaves of two bell pepper cultivars (Mavras and Stayer) when exposed to salt stress (100 mM NaCl), UVA/B excitation (UVA 4–5 W/m2; UVB 10–14 W/m2 for 3 h per day), or a combination of both stressors. Plant age during the trials was 32–48 days. HPLC analyses proved the enhanced accumulation of both metabolites under stress conditions. Cynaroside accumulation is effectively triggered by high-UV stress, whereas graveobioside A contents increase under salt stress. Highest contents of secondary metabolites were observed in plants exposed to combined stress. Effects of stress on overall plant performance differed significantly between treatments, with least negative impact on above ground biomass found for high-UV stressed plants. The usage of two non-destructive instruments (Dualex and Multiplex) allowed us to gain insights into the ontogenetical effects at the leaf level and temporal development of SM contents. Indices provided by those devices correlate fairly with amounts detected via HPLC (Cynaroside: r2 = 0.46–0.66; Graveobioside A: r2 = 0.51–0.71). The concentrations of both metabolites tend to decrease at leaf level during the ontogenetical development even under stress conditions. High-UV stress should be considered as a tool for enriching plant leaves with valuable SM. Effects on the performance of plants throughout a complete production cycle should be evaluated in future trials. All data is available online.

scholarly journals Maize Silage Digestate Application Affecting Germination and Early Growth of Maize Modulated by Soil Type

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana A. Robles-Aguilar ◽  
Vicky M. Temperton ◽  
Nicolai D. Jablonowski
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Nutrient Cycle ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilization Effects

During biogas production anaerobic digestion of plant material produces a nutrient-rich residue called digestate. The application of the nutrients present in the digestate should improve soil fertility, particularly in nutrient poor soils, and thus crop yield, promoting the closure of the nutrient cycle. This study evaluated the effect of digestate application on the germination and early stages of plant development since these are the first steps to be considered when studying the benefits on plant growth in low fertility substrates. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of three substrates of different texture and fertility (field loam, field sand, sand), as well as type and amount of fertilizer (pure maize digestate vs. inorganic nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium (NPK) fertilizer) on both germination and early plant performance of maize (Zea mays L. subsp. mays). While digestate and NPK fertilizer applications had no significant effect on germination in the two field soils, digestate applications significantly decreased the germination rate in sand (36–82% reduction) due to an increase of surface water repellency. In contrast, for aboveground biomass yield, the most positive fertilization effects of digestate application were found on sand (up to 3.5 times the biomass of the unamended control) followed by field sand (1.5 times), compared to no effect for field loam. Our findings suggest that digestate application have positive fertilization effects in low-fertility substrates, similar to NPK, even though digestate application may have a negative impact on the permeability in sandy substrates that could interfere with germination.

scholarly journals Effect of UV Radiation and Salt Stress on the Accumulation of Economically Relevant Secondary Metabolites in Bell Pepper Plants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Ellenberger ◽  
Nils Siefen ◽  
Priska Krefting ◽  
Jan-Bernd Schulze Lutum ◽  
Daniel Pfarr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Uv Stress

The green biomass of horticultural plants contains valuable secondary metabolites (SM) which can potentially be extracted and sold. When exposed to stress, plants accumulate higher amounts of these SMs, making the extraction and commercialization even more attractive. We evaluated the potential for accumulating of the flavones cynaroside and graveobioside A in leaves of two bell pepper cultivars (Mavras and Stayer) when exposed to salt stress (100 mM NaCl), UVA/B excitation (UVA 4-5 W/m²; UVB 10-14 W/m² for 3 hours per day) or a combination of both stressors. HPLC analyses proved the enhanced accumulation of both metabolites under stress conditions. Cynaroside accumulation is effectively triggered by high-UV stress, whereas graveobioside A contents increase under salt stress. Highest contents were observed in plants exposed to combined stress. Effects of stress on overall plant performance differed significantly between treatments, with least negative impact on aboveground biomass found for high-UV stressed plants. The usage of two non-destructive instruments (Dualex and Multiplex) allowed us to gain insights in ontogenetical effects at the leaf level and temporal development of SM contents over time. Indices provided by those devices correlate fairly with amounts detected via HPLC (Cynaroside: R2 = 0.46 – 0.66; Graveobioside A: R2 = 0.51 – 0.71). The concentrations of both metabolites tend to decrease at leaf level during the ontogenetical development even under stress conditions. High-UV stress is a promising tool for enriching plant leaves with valuable SM without major effects on plant biomass. All data is available online [1].

Re-Engineering of an Inlet Air Filtration System for a 100MW Combined Cycle Cogeneration Power Plant

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Dorschel ◽  
Stefan aus der Wiesche
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Air Filtration ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Essential Components

Inlet air filtration systems are essential components for any power plant based on gas turbines, because poor air quality can significantly impact the operation and performance of the gas turbine. But higher pressure losses due to the filtration system have a negative impact to the power plant performance. In this paper, the field experience with a typical inlet air filtration system for a modern 100MW (electric) combined cycle cogeneration power plant (called “HKW Hafen”, Muenster, Germany) is discussed. The long-term observations demonstrated clearly the importance of the filtration system. A poor filtration performance was found for the initial system, and a re-design was initiated. With regard to this task, the use of computer-aided engineering tools (CAE) has proven its reliability. This approach enables an efficient tool for searching customized solutions for a specific power plant with a high confidence level. It was found that frequently used guidelines and supplier information are not completely sufficient for precise cost saving calculations.

scholarly journals Symbiosis revisited: phosphorus and acid buffering stimulate N<sub>2</sub> fixation but not <i>Sphagnum</i> growth

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1111-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva van den Elzen ◽  
Martine A. R. Kox ◽  
Sarah F. Harpenslager ◽  
Geert Hensgens ◽  
Christian Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Phosphorus Addition ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Acid Buffering ◽  
Limiting Nutrient

Abstract. In pristine Sphagnum-dominated peatlands, (di)nitrogen (N2) fixing (diazotrophic) microbial communities associated with Sphagnum mosses contribute substantially to the total nitrogen input, increasing carbon sequestration. The rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation reported for Sphagnum peatlands, are, however, highly variable, and experimental work on regulating factors that can mechanistically explain this variation is largely lacking. For two common fen species (Sphagnum palustre and S. squarrosum) from a high nitrogen deposition area (25 kg N ha−1 yr−1), we found that diazotrophic activity (as measured by 15 − 15N2 labeling) was still present at a rate of 40 nmol N gDW−1 h−1. This was surprising, given that nitrogen fixation is a costly process. We tested the effects of phosphorus availability and buffering capacity by bicarbonate-rich water, mimicking a field situation in fens with stronger groundwater or surface water influence, as potential regulators of nitrogen fixation rates and Sphagnum performance. We expected that the addition of phosphorus, being a limiting nutrient, would stimulate both diazotrophic activity and Sphagnum growth. We indeed found that nitrogen fixation rates were doubled. Plant performance, in contrast, did not increase. Raised bicarbonate levels also enhanced nitrogen fixation, but had a strong negative impact on Sphagnum performance. These results explain the higher nitrogen fixation rates reported for minerotrophic and more nutrient-rich peatlands. In addition, nitrogen fixation was found to strongly depend on light, with rates 10 times higher in light conditions suggesting high reliance on phototrophic organisms for carbon. The contrasting effects of phosphorus and bicarbonate on Sphagnum spp. and their diazotrophic communities reveal strong differences in the optimal niche for both partners with respect to conditions and resources. This suggests a trade-off for the symbiosis of nitrogen fixing microorganisms with their Sphagnum hosts, in which a sheltered environment apparently outweighs the less favorable environmental conditions. We conclude that microbial activity is still nitrogen limited under eutrophic conditions because dissolved nitrogen is being monopolized by Sphagnum. Moreover, the fact that diazotrophic activity can significantly be upregulated by increased phosphorus addition and acid buffering, while Sphagnum spp. do not benefit, reveals remarkable differences in optimal conditions for both symbiotic partners and calls into question the regulation of nitrogen fixation by Sphagnum under these eutrophic conditions. The high nitrogen fixation rates result in high additional nitrogen loading of 6 kg ha−1 yr−1 on top of the high nitrogen deposition in these ecosystems.

scholarly journals Soil domestication by rice cultivation results in plant-soil feedback through shifts in soil microbiota

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Edwards ◽  
Christian Santos-Medellín ◽  
Bao Nguyen ◽  
John Kilmer ◽  
Zachary Liechty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Methanogenic Archaea ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Soil Microbiota ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Soil Feedback ◽  
Continuous Monoculture

Abstract Background Soils are a key component of agricultural productivity, and soil microbiota determine the availability of many essential plant nutrients. Agricultural domestication of soils, that is, the conversion of previously uncultivated soils to a cultivated state, is frequently accompanied by intensive monoculture, especially in the developing world. However, there is limited understanding of how continuous cultivation alters the structure of prokaryotic soil microbiota after soil domestication, including to what extent crop plants impact soil microbiota composition, and how changes in microbiota composition arising from cultivation affect crop performance. Results We show here that continuous monoculture (> 8 growing seasons) of the major food crop rice under flooded conditions is associated with a pronounced shift in soil bacterial and archaeal microbiota structure towards a more consistent composition, thereby domesticating microbiota of previously uncultivated sites. Aside from the potential effects of agricultural cultivation practices, we provide evidence that rice plants themselves are important drivers of the domestication process, acting through selective enrichment of specific taxa, including methanogenic archaea, in their rhizosphere that differ from those of native plants growing in the same environment. Furthermore, we find that microbiota from soils domesticated by rice cultivation contribute to plant-soil feedback, by imparting a negative effect on rice seedling vigor. Conclusions Soil domestication through continuous monoculture cultivation of rice results in compositional changes in the soil microbiota, which are in part driven by the rice plants. The consequences include a negative impact on plant performance and increases in greenhouse gas emitting microbes.

scholarly journals Symbiosis revisited: phosphorus and acid buffering stimulate N<sub>2</sub> fixation but not <i>Sphagnum</i> growth

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva van den Elzen ◽  
Martine A. R. Kox ◽  
Sarah F. Harpenslager ◽  
Geert Hensgens ◽  
Christian Fritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Phosphorus Addition ◽  
Dissolved Nitrogen ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Deposition Area ◽  
Acid Buffering ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Sphagnum Palustre

Abstract. In pristine Sphagnum dominated peatlands, (di)nitrogen (N2) fixing (diazotrophic) microbial communities associated with Sphagnum mosses contribute substantially to the total nitrogen input, increasing carbon sequestration. The rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation reported for Sphagnum peatlands, are, however, highly variable and experimental work on regulating factors that can mechanistically explain this variation is largely lacking. For two common fen species (Sphagnum palustre and S. squarrosum) from a high nitrogen deposition area (25 kg N ha−1 y−1), we found that diazotrophic activity (as measured by 15–15N2 labeling) was still present. This was surprising, given that nitrogen fixation is a costly process. We tested the effects of phosphorus availability and buffering capacity by bicarbonate rich water, mimicking a field situation in fens with stronger groundwater or surface water influence, as potential regulators of nitrogen fixation rates and Sphagnum performance. We expected that the addition of phosphorus, being a limiting nutrient, would stimulate both diazotrophic activity and Sphagnum growth. We indeed found that nitrogen fixation rates were doubled. Plant performance, in contrast, did not increase. Raised bicarbonate levels also enhanced nitrogen fixation, but had a strong negative impact on Sphagnum performance. These results explain the higher nitrogen fixation rates reported for minerotrophic and more nutrient-rich peatlands. The contrasting effects of phosphorus and bicarbonate on Sphagnum spp and their diazotrophic communities reveal strong differences in optimal niche for both partners with respect to conditions and resources. This suggests a trade-off for the symbiosis of nitrogen fixing microorganisms with their Sphagnum hosts, in which a sheltered environment apparently outweighs the less favorable environmental conditions. We conclude that microbial activity is still nitrogen limited under eutrophic conditions because dissolved nitrogen is being monopolized by Sphagnum. Moreover, the fact that diazotrophic activity can significantly be upregulated by increased phosphorus addition and acid buffering, while Sphagnum spp do not benefit, reveals remarkable differences in optimal conditions for both symbiotic partners and questions the concept of a direct mutualism.

Mitochondrial hyperfusion: a friend or a foe

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 631-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajdeep Das ◽  
Oishee Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cellular Stress ◽  
Cellular Homeostasis ◽  
Mitochondrial Population

The cellular mitochondrial population undergoes repeated cycles of fission and fusion to maintain its integrity, as well as overall cellular homeostasis. While equilibrium usually exists between the fission–fusion dynamics, their rates are influenced by organellar and cellular metabolic and pathogenic conditions. Under conditions of cellular stress, there is a disruption of this fission and fusion balance and mitochondria undergo either increased fusion, forming a hyperfused meshwork or excessive fission to counteract stress and remove damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. While some previous reports suggest that hyperfusion is initiated to ameliorate cellular stress, recent studies show its negative impact on cellular health in disease conditions. The exact mechanism of mitochondrial hyperfusion and its role in maintaining cellular health and homeostasis, however, remain unclear. In this review, we aim to highlight the different aspects of mitochondrial hyperfusion in either promoting or mitigating stress and also its role in immunity and diseases.

Health Communication: Implications for Diverse Populations

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Amy Hasselkus
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Communication ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Health Care Decisions ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
Health Related

The need for improved communication about health-related topics is evident in statistics about the health literacy of adults living in the United States. The negative impact of poor health communication is huge, resulting in poor health outcomes, health disparities, and high health care costs. The importance of good health communication is relevant to all patient populations, including those from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Efforts are underway at all levels, from individual professionals to the federal government, to improve the information patients receive so that they can make appropriate health care decisions. This article describes these efforts and discusses how speech-language pathologists and audiologists may be impacted.

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