Determining the origin and changing shape of landscape‐scale rock formations with three‐dimensional modelling: The Borologa rock shelters, Kimberley region, Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Genuite ◽  
Jean‐Jacques Delannoy ◽  
Bruno David ◽  
Augustine Unghango ◽  
Balanggarra Aboriginal Corporation ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Rock Shelters

scholarly journals Borehole muography of subsurface reservoirs

2018 ◽  
Vol 377 (2137) ◽  
pp. 20180060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Bonneville ◽  
Richard Kouzes ◽  
Jared Yamaoka ◽  
Azaree Lintereur ◽  
Joshua Flygare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Aquifer Storage ◽  
Rock Formations

Imaging subsurface rock formations or geological objects like oil and gas reservoirs, mineral deposits, cavities or even magmatic plumbing systems under active volcanoes has been for many years a major quest of geoscientists. Since these subsurface objects cannot be observed directly, different indirect methods have been developed. These methods are all based on variations of certain physical properties of the subsurface materials that can be detected from the ground surface or from boreholes. To determine the density distribution, a new imaging technique using cosmic-ray muon detectors deployed in a borehole has been developed and a first prototype of a borehole muon detector successfully tested. In addition to providing a static image of the subsurface density in three dimensions (or three-dimensional tomography), borehole muography can also inform on the variations of density with time, which recently became of major importance with the injection of large volumes of fluids, mainly water and CO 2 , in porous subsurface reservoirs (e.g. aquifer storage and recovery, wastewater disposal, enhanced oil recovery and carbon sequestration). This raises several concerns about the risk of leakage and the mechanical integrity of the reservoirs. Determining the field scale induced displacement of fluids by geophysical methods like muography is thus a priority. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography'.

scholarly journals Folding and faulting of an elastic continuum

2016 ◽  
Vol 472 (2187) ◽  
pp. 20160018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Bigoni ◽  
Panos A. Gourgiotis
Keyword(s):  
Couple Stress Theory ◽  
Perturbation Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Elastic Solid ◽  
Bulk Wave ◽  
Concentrated Force ◽  
Stress Theory ◽  
Compaction Bands ◽  
Rock Formations

Folding is a process in which bending is localized at sharp edges separated by almost undeformed elements. This process is rarely encountered in Nature, although some exceptions can be found in unusual layered rock formations (called ‘chevrons’) and seashell patterns (for instance Lopha cristagalli ). In mechanics, the bending of a three-dimensional elastic solid is common (for example, in bulk wave propagation), but folding is usually not achieved. In this article, the route leading to folding is shown for an elastic solid obeying the couple-stress theory with an extreme anisotropy. This result is obtained with a perturbation technique, which involves the derivation of new two-dimensional Green's functions for applied concentrated force and moment. While the former perturbation reveals folding, the latter shows that a material in an extreme anisotropic state is also prone to a faulting instability, in which a displacement step of finite size emerges. Another failure mechanism, namely the formation of dilation/compaction bands, is also highlighted. Finally, a geophysical application to the mechanics of chevron formation shows how the proposed approach may explain the formation of natural structures.

Rooting strategies in a subtropical savanna: a landscape-scale three-dimensional assessment

Oecologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 186 (4) ◽  
pp. 1127-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhou ◽  
Thomas W. Boutton ◽  
X. Ben Wu ◽  
Cynthia L. Wright ◽  
Anais L. Dion
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Dimensional Assessment ◽  
Subtropical Savanna

A Review of Hydraulic Fracture Modeling—II: 3D Modeling and Vertical Growth in Layered Rock

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Mendelsohn
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Vertical Growth ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Fracture Modeling ◽  
Fracture Models ◽  
Growth Problem

This is Part II of a two-part paper which reviews in depth the modeling of the propagation of large hydraulic fractures in underground rock formations. Based on experimental observations reviewed in Part I the need for models of the growth of general-shaped planar hydraulic fractures has been demonstrated. Part II contains reviews of both coupled fluid/solid three-dimensional fracture models and some more basic two and three-dimensional problems in linear elastic fracture mechanics applicable to the growth of fractures in the vicinity of in-situ discontinuities (interfaces) in rock-type and/or tectonic stress. The latter is referred to as the vertical growth problem since hydraulic fractures are quite often oriented vertically with respect to horizontal layering or stratification. The state of current research in both overall modeling and basic vertical growth studies is assessed and recommendations for future research are made.

Analytical expressions of variability in ecosystem structure and function obtained from three-dimensional stochastic vegetation modelling

2013 ◽  
Vol 469 (2155) ◽  
pp. 20130003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Good ◽  
I. Rodriguez-Iturbe ◽  
K. K. Caylor
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Vegetation Modelling ◽  
Analytic Expressions ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
And Function

Whole ecosystem exchange of water, carbon and energy is predominately determined by complex leaf-level processes occurring at individual plants. Interaction between individuals results in a distribution of environmental conditions that drive a variety of nonlinear response functions such as transpiration and photosynthesis. The nonlinearity of biophysical processes requires higher-order statistical descriptions of micro-environment distributions in order to accurately determine the landscape-scale mean functional response. We present a mathematical framework for describing vegetation structure based on the density, dispersion, size distribution and allometry of individuals within a landscape. Using three-dimensional stochastic vegetation modelling, we develop analytic expressions of the second-order statistics of vegetation canopies, namely the mean and variance of leaf area density and leaf area index with height. These expressions also allow for the approximation of the distribution of beam penetration and sunfleck statistics through the canopy as a function of height. Finally, we demonstrate how landscape-scale fluxes are strongly affected by the variability in canopy micro-environments, and how stochastic vegetation modelling improves flux estimates relative to traditional homogeneous canopy models.

A Review of Hydraulic Fracture Modeling—Part I: General Concepts, 2D Models, Motivation for 3D Modeling

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Mendelsohn
Keyword(s):  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Constant Height ◽  
Fractured Medium ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

This is Part I of a two-part paper which reviews in depth the literature on the modeling of the propagation of large hydraulic fractures in underground rock formations. Part I presents a general formulation of the problem, its geometry and only the most fundamental and unrestrictive physical assumptions. The two basic two-dimensional models of constant height (rectangular) fractures which formed the core of modeling efforts from 1960 through the late 1970’s are discussed in detail followed by a brief review of the effects of fluid diffusion in the fractured medium on crack propagation. The recent field and laboratory observations which have shown that nonrectangular fractures can occur quite often are discussed, as are their impact on the modeling effort, specifically the need for three-dimensional models of crack propagation in layered environments. Part II of the paper deals with the three-dimensional modeling efforts and some fundamental crack and fracture mechanics problems related to the vertical growth of a hydraulic fracture.

The orbit of Pluto over a long interval of time

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Orbit ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Restricted Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Circular Restricted Problem ◽  
Resonance Relation

The paper presents a summary of the results obtained by C. J. Cohen and E. C. Hubbard, who established by numerical integration that a resonance relation exists between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. The problem may be explored further by approximating the motion of Pluto by that of a particle with negligible mass in the three-dimensional (circular) restricted problem. The mass of Pluto and the eccentricity of Neptune's orbit are ignored in this approximation. Significant features of the problem appear to be the presence of two critical arguments and the possibility that the orbit may be related to a periodic orbit of the third kind.

Conformation of Ribosomes from Escherichia Coli

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
M. Boublik ◽  
W. Hellmann ◽  
F. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
And Function

The present knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ribosomes is far too limited to enable a complete understanding of the various roles which ribosomes play in protein biosynthesis. The spatial arrangement of proteins and ribonuclec acids in ribosomes can be analysed in many ways. Determination of binding sites for individual proteins on ribonuclec acid and locations of the mutual positions of proteins on the ribosome using labeling with fluorescent dyes, cross-linking reagents, neutron-diffraction or antibodies against ribosomal proteins seem to be most successful approaches. Structure and function of ribosomes can be correlated be depleting the complete ribosomes of some proteins to the functionally inactive core and by subsequent partial reconstitution in order to regain active ribosomal particles.

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