A Review of Hydraulic Fracture Modeling—II: 3D Modeling and Vertical Growth in Layered Rock

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Mendelsohn
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tectonic Stress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Vertical Growth ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Fracture Modeling ◽  
Fracture Models ◽  
Growth Problem

This is Part II of a two-part paper which reviews in depth the modeling of the propagation of large hydraulic fractures in underground rock formations. Based on experimental observations reviewed in Part I the need for models of the growth of general-shaped planar hydraulic fractures has been demonstrated. Part II contains reviews of both coupled fluid/solid three-dimensional fracture models and some more basic two and three-dimensional problems in linear elastic fracture mechanics applicable to the growth of fractures in the vicinity of in-situ discontinuities (interfaces) in rock-type and/or tectonic stress. The latter is referred to as the vertical growth problem since hydraulic fractures are quite often oriented vertically with respect to horizontal layering or stratification. The state of current research in both overall modeling and basic vertical growth studies is assessed and recommendations for future research are made.

Some Recent Advances in Engineering Fracture Modeling for Turbomachinery

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Craig McClung ◽  
Yi-Der Lee ◽  
James C. Sobotka ◽  
Jonathan P. Moody ◽  
Vikram Bhamidipati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fracture Analysis ◽  
Crack Size ◽  
Initial Crack ◽  
Displacement Control ◽  
3D Finite Element ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Fracture Modeling ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
Fracture Models

Recent advances in practical engineering methods for fracture analysis of turbomachinery components are described. A comprehensive set of weight function (WF) stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions for elliptical and straight cracks under univariant and bivariant stress gradients has been developed and verified. Specialized SIF solutions have been derived for curved through cracks, cracks at chamfered and angled corners, and cracks under displacement control. Automated fracture models are available to construct fatigue crack growth (FCG) life contours and critical initial crack size (CICS) contours for all nodal locations in two-dimensional or three-dimensional (2D or 3D) finite element (FE) models.

A Review of Hydraulic Fracture Modeling—Part I: General Concepts, 2D Models, Motivation for 3D Modeling

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Mendelsohn
Keyword(s):  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hydraulic Fractures ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Constant Height ◽  
Fractured Medium ◽  
Dimensional Models ◽  
Three Dimensional Models

This is Part I of a two-part paper which reviews in depth the literature on the modeling of the propagation of large hydraulic fractures in underground rock formations. Part I presents a general formulation of the problem, its geometry and only the most fundamental and unrestrictive physical assumptions. The two basic two-dimensional models of constant height (rectangular) fractures which formed the core of modeling efforts from 1960 through the late 1970’s are discussed in detail followed by a brief review of the effects of fluid diffusion in the fractured medium on crack propagation. The recent field and laboratory observations which have shown that nonrectangular fractures can occur quite often are discussed, as are their impact on the modeling effort, specifically the need for three-dimensional models of crack propagation in layered environments. Part II of the paper deals with the three-dimensional modeling efforts and some fundamental crack and fracture mechanics problems related to the vertical growth of a hydraulic fracture.

Development and Construct Validation of the German Workplace Trust Survey (G-WTS)

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nale Lehmann-Willenbrock ◽  
Simone Kauffeld
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
Organizational Trust ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Workplace Trust

In research on trust in the organizational context, there is some agreement evolving that trust should be measured with respect to various foci. The Workplace Trust Survey (WTS) by Ferres (2002) provides reliable assessment of coworker, supervisor, and organizational trust. By means of a functionally equivalent translation, we developed a German version of the questionnaire (G-WTS) comprising 21 items. A total of 427 employees were surveyed with the G-WTS and questionnaires concerning several work-related attitudes and behaviors and 92 of these completed the survey twice. The hypothesized three-dimensional conceptualization of organizational trust was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The G-WTS showed good internal consistency and retest reliability values. Concerning convergent validity, all of the three G-WTS dimensions positively predicted job satisfaction. In terms of discriminant validity, Coworker Trust enhanced group cohesion; Supervisor Trust fostered innovative behavior, while Organizational Trust was associated with affective commitment. Theoretical and practical contributions as well as opportunities for future research with the G-WTS are discussed.

Fatigue Failure Analysis Using the Theory of Critical Distance

2011 ◽  
Vol 462-463 ◽  
pp. 663-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslizam Daud ◽  
Ahmad Kamal Ariffin ◽  
Shahrum Abdullah ◽  
Al Emran Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Fatigue Failure ◽  
Notch Root ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Elastic Fracture

This paper explores the initial potential of theory of critical distance (TCD) which offers essential fatigue failure prediction in engineering components. The intention is to find the most appropriate TCD approach for a case of multiple stress concentration features in future research. The TCD is based on critical distance from notch root and represents the extension of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) principles. The approach is allowing possibilities for fatigue limit prediction based on localized stress concentration, which are characterized by high stress gradients. Using the finite element analysis (FEA) results and some data from literature, TCD applications is illustrated by a case study on engineering components in different geometrical notch radius. Further applications of TCD to various kinds of engineering problems are discussed.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Thematic Map Imaging of the Yacht Port on the Example of the Polish National Sailing Centre Marina in Gdańsk

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7016
Author(s):  
Pawel S. Dabrowski ◽  
Cezary Specht ◽  
Mariusz Specht ◽  
Artur Makar
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Convex Surface ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Thematic Maps ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Many

The theory of cartographic projections is a tool which can present the convex surface of the Earth on the plane. Of the many types of maps, thematic maps perform an important function due to the wide possibilities of adapting their content to current needs. The limitation of classic maps is their two-dimensional nature. In the era of rapidly growing methods of mass acquisition of spatial data, the use of flat images is often not enough to reveal the level of complexity of certain objects. In this case, it is necessary to use visualization in three-dimensional space. The motivation to conduct the study was the use of cartographic projections methods, spatial transformations, and the possibilities offered by thematic maps to create thematic three-dimensional map imaging (T3DMI). The authors presented a practical verification of the adopted methodology to create a T3DMI visualization of the marina of the National Sailing Centre of the Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport (Poland). The profiled characteristics of the object were used to emphasize the key elements of its function. The results confirmed the increase in the interpretative capabilities of the T3DMI method, relative to classic two-dimensional maps. Additionally, the study suggested future research directions of the presented solution.

scholarly journals An Exit Strategy for the Definitional Elusiveness: A Three-Dimensional Framework for Social Entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 563
Author(s):  
Bing Ran ◽  
Scott Weller
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Exit Strategy ◽  
Conceptual Paper

Despite the growing utility and prevalence of social entrepreneurship, an accepted definition remains elusive and infeasible. Yet, it is imperative that the principles guiding social entrepreneurship are identified so that common ground is established to facilitate future research. On the basis of a systematic literature review, this conceptual paper proposes a theoretical framework outlining social entrepreneurship as a three-dimensional framework as a function of continua of “social” and “business” logics, “beneficial” and “detrimental” social change logics, and “innovation” and “mundane” logics. The framework accommodates the fuzziness and ambiguity associated with social entrepreneurship whilst remaining a workable, identifiable construct. By accounting for the shifting logics practiced by social entrepreneurship that both influence and are influenced by the organizational environment, this framework provides an exit strategy for the definitional elusiveness of social entrepreneurship. The resultant structures and functions of social entrepreneurship are shaped by these constraints as reflected by the fluidity and flexibility endorsed by the framework. Four avenues for future research regarding social entrepreneurship are recommended on the basis of the framework proposed in this article.

scholarly journals Combining Virtual Reality and Organizational Neuroscience for Leadership Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5956
Author(s):  
Elena Parra ◽  
Irene Alice Chicchi Giglioli ◽  
Jestine Philip ◽  
Lucia Amalia Carrasco-Ribelles ◽  
Javier Marín-Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Future Research Agenda

In this article, we introduce three-dimensional Serious Games (3DSGs) under an evidence-centered design (ECD) framework and use an organizational neuroscience-based eye-tracking measure to capture implicit behavioral signals associated with leadership skills. While ECD is a well-established framework used in the design and development of assessments, it has rarely been utilized in organizational research. The study proposes a novel 3DSG combined with organizational neuroscience methods as a promising tool to assess and recognize leadership-related behavioral patterns that manifest during complex and realistic social situations. We offer a research protocol for assessing task- and relationship-oriented leadership skills that uses ECD, eye-tracking measures, and machine learning. Seamlessly embedding biological measures into 3DSGs enables objective assessment methods that are based on machine learning techniques to achieve high ecological validity. We conclude by describing a future research agenda for the combined use of 3DSGs and organizational neuroscience methods for leadership and human resources.

scholarly journals Data-Driven Intelligent 3D Surface Measurement in Smart Manufacturing: Review and Outlook

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Yuhang Yang ◽  
Zhiqiao Dong ◽  
Yuquan Meng ◽  
Chenhui Shao
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Smart Manufacturing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
3D Surface

High-fidelity characterization and effective monitoring of spatial and spatiotemporal processes are crucial for high-performance quality control of many manufacturing processes and systems in the era of smart manufacturing. Although the recent development in measurement technologies has made it possible to acquire high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) surface measurement data, it is generally expensive and time-consuming to use such technologies in real-world production settings. Data-driven approaches that stem from statistics and machine learning can potentially enable intelligent, cost-effective surface measurement and thus allow manufacturers to use high-resolution surface data for better decision-making without introducing substantial production cost induced by data acquisition. Among these methods, spatial and spatiotemporal interpolation techniques can draw inferences about unmeasured locations on a surface using the measurement of other locations, thus decreasing the measurement cost and time. However, interpolation methods are very sensitive to the availability of measurement data, and their performances largely depend on the measurement scheme or the sampling design, i.e., how to allocate measurement efforts. As such, sampling design is considered to be another important field that enables intelligent surface measurement. This paper reviews and summarizes the state-of-the-art research in interpolation and sampling design for surface measurement in varied manufacturing applications. Research gaps and future research directions are also identified and can serve as a fundamental guideline to industrial practitioners and researchers for future studies in these areas.

Beyond Bounded Rationality: CEO Reflective Capacity and Firm Sustainability Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Yingya Jia ◽  
Anne S. Tsui ◽  
Xiaoyu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sustainability Performance ◽  
Business Executives ◽  
Dimensional Measure ◽  
Reflective Capacity ◽  
Mediating Mechanisms

ABSTRACT Optimal or rational decision making is not possible due to informational constraints and limits in computation capability of humans (March & Simon, 1958; March, 1978). This bounded rationality serves as a filtering process in decision making among business executives (Hambrick & Mason, 1984). In this study, we propose the concept of CEO reflective capacity as a behavior-oriented cognitive capability that may overcome to some extent the pervasive limitation of bounded rationality in executive decision-making. Following Hinkin's (1998) method and two executive samples, we developed and validated a three-dimensional measure of CEO reflective capacity. Based on two-wave surveys of CEOs and their executive-subordinates in 213 Chinese small-medium sized firms, we tested and confirmed three hypotheses on how CEO reflective capacity is related to a firm's sustainability performance (including economic, societal, and environmental dimensions) through the mediating mechanisms of strategic decision comprehensiveness and CEO behavioral complexity. We discuss the contribution of this study to the literature on the upper echelons and information processing perspectives. We also identify the implications for future research on strategic leadership and managerial cognition in complex and dynamic contexts.

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