What makes young people get involved with street gangs in London? A study of the perceived risk factors

Background: Venous thrombosis, the leading cause of free flap failure, may have devastating consequences. Many anti-thrombotic agents and protocols have been described for prophylaxis and treatment of venous thrombosis in free flaps. Methods: National surveys were distributed to microsurgeons (of both Plastics and ENT training) and hematology and thrombosis specialists. Data were collected on routine screening practices, perceived risk factors for flap failure, and pre-, intra-, and post-operative anti-thrombotic strategies. Results: There were 722 surveys distributed with 132 (18%) respondents, consisting of 102 surgeons and 30 hematologists. Sixty-five surgeons and 9 hematologists routinely performed or managed patients with free flaps. The top 3 perceived risk factors for flap failure according to surgeons were medical co-morbidities, past arterial thrombosis, and thrombophilia. Hematologists, however, reported diabetes, smoking, and medical co-morbidities as the most important risk factors. Fifty-four percent of physicians routinely used unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) as a preoperative agent. Surgeons routinely flushed the flap with heparin (37%), used UFH IV (6%), or both (8%) intra-operatively. Surgeons used a range of post-operative agents such as UFH, LMWH, aspirin, and dextran while hematologists preferred LMWH. There was variation of management strategies if flap thrombosis occurred. Different strategies consisted of changing recipient vessels, UFH IV, flushing the flap, adding post-operative agents, or a combination of strategies. Conclusions: There are diverse practice variations in anti-thrombotic strategies for free tissue transfers and a difference in perceived risk factors for flap failure that may affect patient management.

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The Experiences and Perspectives of African-Australian Community Service Providers Who Work with At-Risk and Justice-Involved Youth

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology ◽

10.1177/0306624x211022652 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0306624X2110226

Author(s):

Stephane Shepherd ◽

Aisling Bailey ◽

Godwin Masuka

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

At Risk ◽

Young People ◽

Service Delivery ◽

Community Service ◽

Service Providers ◽

Professional Staff ◽

Youth Justice ◽

Complex Needs ◽

Australian Community

African-Australian young people are over-represented in custody in the state of Victoria. It has been recognized in recent government and stakeholder strategic plans that African-Australian community service providers are well placed to help address the increasing complex needs of at-risk African-Australian youth. However little is known about the capacities of such providers to effectively contend with this growing social concern. In response, this study aimed to explore the perspectives and operational (service delivery and governance) experiences of African-Australian community organizations which provide services to at-risk young people in Victoria. Through a series of in-depth interviews with the leadership of eight key African-Australian service providers, we aimed to identify their perceived strengths, obstacles faced and proposed strategies to realize key objectives. Perspectives on key risk factors for young African-Australian justice system contact were also gathered. Several themes were extracted from the interviews, specifically (i) Risk factors for African-Australian youth justice-involvement (school disengagement, peer delinquency, family breakdown, intergenerational discord, perceived social rejection), (ii) The limitations of mainstream institutions to reduce African-Australian youth justice-involvement (too compliance focused, inflexible, business rather than human-centered, disconnected from communities and families), (iii) The advantages of African-Australian community service providers when working with African-Australian youth (community credibility, client trust, flexibility, culturally responsive), (iv) The challenges faced by African-Australian service providers (lack of funding/resources, professional staff shortages, infrastructural/governance limitations), and (v) “What works” in service provision for at-risk African-Australians (client involvement in program design, African staff representation, extensive structured programming matched with client aspirations, prioritizing relationship building, persistent outreach, mental health and legal literacy for clients and families). Implications for service delivery and social policy are discussed within.

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NCMP-14. SKULL BASE OSTEOMYELITIS DUE TO COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS MIMICKING RECURRENT CHONDROSARCOMA

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.525 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. ii125-ii126

Author(s):

Kevin Lillehei ◽

B K Kleinschmidt-Demasters

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽

Skull Base ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Low Grade ◽

Recurrent Tumor ◽

Her Family ◽

Patient Use

Abstract Skull base chondrosarcomas are often low grade tumors that do not metastasize, but are locally invasive and often recur locally. Thus, when patients with these tumors re-present with new onset symptoms, even decades later, recurrent tumor is presumed. A 50 year old woman with skull base chondrosarcoma initially diagnosed 30 years prior developed the subacute onset of worsening confusion and vision, with progressive blindness. Imaging disclosed a bony-erosive skull base mass without associated sinusitis/sinus opacification; additional small cerebral infarcts were identified. She had been on physiologic replacement therapy for panhypopituitarism since the original surgery, but had not received recent radiation therapy or chemotherapy and did not have neutropenia. RESULTS: Biopsy disclosed a chronic inflammation and necrotic debris; only on permanent sections were septated, 45-degree angle-branching fungi identified in one area. These had morphological features of, and were polymerase chain reaction-proven, Aspergillus fumigatus. No recurrent tumor was present. Given the lack of perceived risk factors, further questioning of the patient and her mother disclosed that precisely 1 year prior to surgery she and her family had participated in “cleaning out an old very dirty and dusty barn” in southern Colorado without the use of face masks; only the proband experienced sequelae. Anti-fungal therapy (voriconazole) was recommended although patient use was intermittent and symptoms have progressed. CONCLUSION: Community-acquired Aspergillus infections due to exposure to silage or barn detritus contaminated by fungal hyphae is almost never seen today, in comparison to opportunistic infections due to known risk factors of neutropenia and/or steroid usage. Replacement therapy may have added to this patient’s risk. Infections all too often mimic recurrent tumor.

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Identifying Risk Factors Affecting the Usage of Digital and Social Media: A Preliminary Qualitative Study in the Dental Profession and Dental Education

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj9050053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Rayan Sharka ◽

Jonathan P. San Diego ◽

Melanie Nasseripour ◽

Avijit Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

Perceived Risk ◽

Dental Education ◽

Dental Students ◽

General Context ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

The Uk ◽

Dental Professionals

Aims: This study aimed to identify the risk factors of using DSM to provide an insight into the inherent implications this has on dental professionals in practice and trainee professionals’ education. Materials and methods: Twenty-one participants (10 dental professionals and 11 undergraduate and postgraduate dental students) participated in this qualitative study using semi-structured interviews in a dental school in the UK. The interviews were analysed and categorised into themes, some of which were identified from previous literature (e.g., privacy and psychological risks) and others emerged from the data (e.g., deceptive and misleading information). Results: The thematic analysis of interview transcripts identified nine perceived risk themes. Three themes were associated with the use of DSM in the general context, and six themes were related to the use of DSM in professional and education context. Conclusions: This study provided evidence to understand the risk factors of using DSM in dental education and the profession, but the magnitude of these risks on the uptake and usefulness of DSM needs to be assessed.

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Association between Metabolic Syndrome Components and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10080699 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 699

Author(s):

Rashmi Supriya ◽

Fei-Fei Li ◽

Yi-De Yang ◽

Wei Liang ◽

Julien S. Baker

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Young People ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

High Frequency ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Autonomic Modulation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cross Sectional Studies ◽

Positive Correlations

Background: the clustering of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors is becoming more prevalent in children, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases in early adulthood. The impact of MetS risk factors on cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) or vice versa has been noted to track from childhood to pre-adolescence and adolescence. Understating associations in this age group may help to improve the clinical outcomes of the MetS, even when MetS symptoms are not visible. Potential damage from each individual MetS component and the ability to predict early cardiac damage or upcoming cardiovascular events is very important. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the associations between CAM and MetS risk factors individually to verify which of the MetS risk components were significantly correlated with heart rate variability (HRV) indices before or at the onset of the MetS among young people. The purpose of this review was to outline the importance of potentially screening HRV indices in young people even with only one MetS risk factor, as a pre-indicator for early cardiovascular risk stratification. Methods: cross-sectional studies that examined the relationship of MetS risk factors with HRV indices were searched using four databases including PubMed, the Cochrane clinical trials library, Medline and the Web of Science. Correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and random effects meta-analyses of the association between MetS risk factors with HRV indices were performed. Results: out of 14 cross-sectional studies and one case-control study, 8 studies (10 data sets) provided association data for the meta-analysis. Our results indicated significant positive correlations for systolic blood pressure (SBP) (correlation coefficient 0.13 (95%CI: 0.06; 0.19), I2 = 47.26%) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (correlation coefficient 0.09 (95%CI: −0.01; 0.18), I2 = 0%) with a Low Frequency/High Frequency ratio (LF/HF). Significant negative correlations for waist circumference (WC) (correlation coefficient −0.12 (95%CI: −0.19; −0.04), I2 = 51.50%), Triglycerides (TGs) (correlation coefficient −0.09 (95%CI: −0.15; −0.02), I2 = 0%) and ≥2 MetS risk factors (correlation coefficient −0.10 (95%CI: −0.16; −0.03), I2 = 0%); with high frequency (HF) were revealed. Significant positive correlations for high density lipoprotein (HDL) (correlation coefficient 0.08 (95%CI: 0.05; 0.11), I2 = 0%) and significant negative correlations of ≥2 MetS risk (correlation coefficient −0.04 (95%CI: −0.12; 0.03), I2 = 0.0%) with low frequency (LF) were revealed. Significant negative correlations for TGs (correlation coefficient −0.09 (95%CI: −0.23; 0.05), I2 = 2.01%) with a mean square root of the sum of differences between mean time between two successive intervals (rMSSD) and significant positive correlation of HDL (correlation coefficient 0.09 (95%CI: −0.01; 0.19), I2 = 0.33%) with standard deviation of the time between two successive intervals (SDNN) were also revealed. An Egger’s test indicated that there was no obvious publication bias for any of the above relationships except for TGs and rMSSD. The significance level stipulated for the meta-analysis was p < 0.05. Conclusions: lipid profiles (HDL and TGs), WC and BP were associated with CAM in young people up to the age of 19 years. The use of HRV indices to predict future MetS risk, and relationships with individual risk factors including HDL, BP, WC and TGs, were established. Future studies related to young people (up to the age of 19 years) are recommended to explore the associations reported here further.

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Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in young people

Atherosclerosis ◽

10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.457 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 331 ◽

pp. e152

Author(s):

N.M. Nurillaeva ◽

D.Z. Yarmukhamedova ◽

N.B. Nuritdinova ◽

N.A. Khasanova ◽

Z.S. Ibragimov

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Young People ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors

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Psychosocial factors of suicidal behavior of adolescents: review of foreign studies

BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences ◽

10.51889/2020-4.1728-8940.09 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 55-63

Author(s):

S.E Myrzabaev ◽

◽

M.S. Sadyrova ◽

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Young People ◽

Psychosocial Factors ◽

Suicidal Behavior ◽

Psychosocial Risk Factors ◽

Psychosocial Risk ◽

Sociological Research ◽

Risk Factors For Suicide

This article aims to review research that seeks to find psychosocial factors of suicidal behavior among adolescents. The article deals with the sociological research of European authors who dealt with the problem of suicidal behavior of adolescents and young people aged 14-24 years. Studying these studies, the article shows the psychosocial risk factors for suicide and suicidal behavior among progeny.

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