Studies on sex in the hermaphrodite mollusk Crepidula plana. IV. Internal and external factors influencing growth and sex development

1952 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harley N. Gould
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Internal And External Factors

scholarly journals Beyond Grantmaking

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Qu ◽  
Una Osili
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Executive Leadership ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Peer Networks ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Internal Revenue Service ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Leadership Changes ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Qualitative Analyses

This study investigates program-related investments (PRIs), which are mechanisms that foundations can use to achieve charitable purposes while generating moderate financial returns. There is a growing interest in PRIs and other similar market-based approaches among practitioners of philanthropy recently. We examine the internal and external factors that influence PRIs by U.S. foundations through both quantitative and qualitative analyses. By analyzing the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Foundation Center data, we find that foundations with more financial and human resources are more likely to adopt PRIs initially and also more intensively engage in PRIs. Foundations of 25 years or older invest less money in PRIs than younger foundations. Findings from the interviews with eight foundations reveal additional factors influencing foundations’ PRI activities, including staffing and expertise, the board and executive leadership, changes in the legal and economic environment, sectoral trends and peer networks, and the interests and needs of PRI recipients.

scholarly journals Towards a successful centralization of municipal procurement: A case of KwaZulu-Natal province

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-703
Author(s):  
Zwelihle Wiseman Nzuza ◽  
Lawrence Mpele Lekhanya
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Knowledge Management Theory ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Centralization of municipal procurement in the KwaZulu-Natal Province is faced with several challenges. There were two aims for this study: to identify factors influencing municipal procurement and to design a model of the factors influencing municipal procurement, in an attempt to improve the understanding of municipal procurement. The proposed model is based on sound theoretical frameworks like knowledge management theory and the application of theory and practice ethics as well as the secondary data. The study found that the biographic factors as well as internal and external factors have strong influences on the success or failure of municipal procurement. The significance of these factors formed the basis for a proposed model and is subject to further experiments by other scholars

scholarly journals Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Behavior in Indonesia: Internal and External Factors Influencing

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (E) ◽  
pp. 516-520
Author(s):  
Deswinda Deswinda ◽  
Rizanda Machmud ◽  
Yusrawati Yusrawati ◽  
Ahmad Syafruddin Indrapriyatna ◽  
Bayhakki Bayhakki
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Pregnancy ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Life Skills ◽  
Pregnancy Prevention ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Prevention Behavior ◽  
Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention ◽  
Internal And External Factors

BACKGROUND: The reasons behind teenage pregnancy and marriage in Indonesia are the lack of life skills and low self-efficacy. Teenagers with a lack of life skills are more likely to be influenced by their peers, in this case, to have sex before marriage. Teenage pregnancy often leads to a high rate of maternal and infant mortality and high-risk infants. AIM: This study aimed to identify internal and external factors influencing adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior. METHODS: This quantitative study with a cross-sectional design recruited 398 adolescents using a multistage sampling technique. Chi-square test and logistic regression test were employed with p < 0.05. RESULTS: The odds ratio (OR) value from the exponent β with confidence interval 95%. More than half of respondents (64%) have behavior that might lead to teenage pregnancy, with both male and female respondents having equal risk (p = 0.920). Variables of knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, life skills, and peer influence were associated with adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior as all of them have a p = 0.000. Moreover, peers were found to be the most influential variable of teenage pregnancy prevention behavior with the OR value of 3.84, the highest among other variables which meant adolescents receiving negative influence from their peers are 3.84 times more likely to conceive at a young age. Peers become the most dominant factor in determining adolescent behavior in preventing pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Among the variables related to prevention behavior, peers were found to be the one that will primarily determine adolescent behavior in terms of pregnancy prevention.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing HEIs to Adopt Social Media as a Marketing Communication Tool

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-154
Author(s):  
Muhammad Awais Mehmood ◽  
Qaiser Janjua ◽  
Muhammad Akram ◽  
Syed Harris Laeeque ◽  
Faisal Aftab
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Relationship Building ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Internal And External Factors

This research aims to identify the factors influencing Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) to adopt Social Media (SM) for marketing communication. The research was conducted through a qualitative study by interviewing SM managers of selected Pakistani HEIs. Data was analyzed using NVivo 11 to identify emerging themes. The findings revealed several internal and external factors encouraging HEIs to adopt SM marketing. Internal factors reflected the internal dynamics or beliefs within the HEIs that encouraged them to use SM for their marketing communication, whereas external factors were environmental changes, not in direct control of HEIs, but believed to contribute towards their decision to use SM. The internal factors included the belief of applicants, increased interest of senior management towards SM, perception of cost-effective promotional tool, induction of young staff, perception of SM as a modern communication tool and move towards paperless communication. The external factors included SM preference as a mode of communication, declining value of traditional marketing communication tools, E-Life inclination, presence of competitors & unofficial SM accounts of HEIs and their self-driven nature. This study draws focus towards the underlying intentions of HEIs for their SM presence and compares these motivations with other organizations. This has enabled filling in the gaps in the literature regarding the roots of SM marketing in the context of HEIs. From a practical perspective, the findings of this study will enable HEIs to compare their SM motives with other industries. A major difference found was the absence of motivation on the part of HEIs to use SM. This is in contradiction to other industries that put relationship building with customers as one of the primary motives to use SM.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING IN EUROPE IN THE ERA OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT: THE ITALIAN ENGINERING CONGLOMERATE, ANSALDO, 1918–1940

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerio Antonelli ◽  
Trevor Boyns ◽  
Fabrizio Cerbioni
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Theory Of Change ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
World War ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Financial Holding ◽  
Internal And External Factors

Utilizing archival materials, this paper examines the case of the Genoa-based firm, Ansaldo, which, by the early decades of the 20th century, had emerged as a major force in the inter-related fields of engineering, shipbuilding, and metal and steel manufacture in Italy. Following financial problems immediately after World War I and during the 1920s, the company was subsequently taken under the umbrella of the Italian State's financial holding unit, the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (IRI), in the 1930s. Utilizing Lewin's theory of change as a framework for investigating change in management accounting, the paper examines the internal and external factors influencing the development of cost/management accounting at the company. These are also examined against the background of the development of scientific management, both in Italy and elsewhere.

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