Aggregate content influences the Th1/Th2 immune response to influenza vaccine: Evidence from a mouse model

Background:: The combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) could increase the number of circulating naive CD4 T lymphocytes, but was not able to eradicate human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Objective:: Thus, induction of strong immune responses is important for control of HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, a simple and perfect serological method is required to detect virus in untreated-, treated- and drug resistant- HIV-1 infected individuals. Methods:: This study was conducted to assess and compare immunogenic properties of Nef, Vif, Vpr and Vpu accessory proteins as an antigen candidate in mice and their diagnostic importance in human as a biomarker. Results:: Our data showed that in mice, all heterologous prime/ boost regimens were more potent than homologous prime/ boost regimens in eliciting Th1 response and Granzyme B secretion as CTL activity. Moreover, the Nef, Vpu and Vif proteins could significantly increase Th1 immune response. In contrast, the Vpr protein could considerably induce Th2 immune response. On the other hand, among four accessory proteins, HIV-1 Vpu could significantly detect treated group from untreated group as a possible biomarker in human. Conclusion:: Generally, among accessory proteins, Nef, Vpu and Vif antigens were potentially more suitable vaccine antigen candidates than Vpr antigen. Human antibodies against all these proteins were higher in HIV-1 different groups than healthy group. Among them, Vpu was known as a potent antigen in diagnosis of treated from untreated individuals. The potency of accessory proteins as an antigen candidate in an animal model and a human cohort study are underway.

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Emerging Promise of Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Hope for the Development of Alzheimer’s Vaccine

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026620666200422105156 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 1214-1234 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Md. Tanvir Kabir ◽

Md. Sahab Uddin ◽

Bijo Mathew ◽

Pankoj Kumar Das ◽

Asma Perveen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Immune Response ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

Aβ Oligomers ◽

Th2 Immune Response ◽

Age Related ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the characteristics of this devastating disorder include the progressive and disabling deficits in the cognitive functions including reasoning, attention, judgment, comprehension, memory, and language. Objective: In this article, we have focused on the recent progress that has been achieved in the development of an effective AD vaccine. Summary: Currently, available treatment options of AD are limited to deliver short-term symptomatic relief only. A number of strategies targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) have been developed in order to treat or prevent AD. In order to exert an effective immune response, an AD vaccine should contain adjuvants that can induce an effective anti-inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) immune response. AD vaccines should also possess the immunogens which have the capacity to stimulate a protective immune response against various cytotoxic Aβ conformers. The induction of an effective vaccine’s immune response would necessitate the parallel delivery of immunogen to dendritic cells (DCs) and their priming to stimulate a Th2-polarized response. The aforesaid immune response is likely to mediate the generation of neutralizing antibodies against the neurotoxic Aβ oligomers (AβOs) and also anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus preventing the AD-related inflammation. Conclusion: Since there is an age-related decline in the immune functions, therefore vaccines are more likely to prevent AD instead of providing treatment. AD vaccines might be an effective and convenient approach to avoid the treatment-related huge expense.

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Peptidomimetic 1-Benzyl-5-methyl-4-(n-octylamino)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one Showed Cardioprotection Effect in a Myocardial Ischemia (MI) Mouse Model

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019022072 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

Lena Trifonov ◽

Vadim Nudelman ◽

Michael Zhenin ◽

Guy Cohen ◽

Krzysztof Jozwiak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Pattern Recognition ◽

Myocardial Ischemia ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Pattern Recognition Receptor ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Toll Like Receptors ◽

Recognition Receptor

TLR4, a member of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) family, serves as a pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune response to different microbial pathogens. [...]

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