Individual Differences in Testosterone Predict Persistence in Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith M. Welker ◽  
Justin M. Carré
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
European Association ◽  
Competitive Interaction ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Neuroendocrine Function ◽  
Maximum Time ◽  
The Relationship

Persistence is an important predictor of future successes. The present research addresses the relationship between testosterone and persistence in men. One hundred eighteen men were randomly assigned to win or lose a competitive number tracing task against a confederate or complete the task alone in a non–competitive control condition. Saliva samples were collected prior to and after the competition or control conditions. Participants were then given a maximum time of 30 min to spend attempting to solve unsolvable puzzles, with the option to quit at any time. In contrast to our prediction, changes in testosterone concentrations in response to the competitive interaction did not predict persistence behaviour. However, individual differences in testosterone concentrations (pre–competition/non–competition) were positively correlated with persistence. These findings are the first to examine associations between neuroendocrine function and persistence behaviour in people and suggest that testosterone should also be considered when predicting persistence–related outcomes. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Relationships among Personality, Situational Construal and Social Outcomes

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Morse ◽  
Kyle S. Sauerberger ◽  
Elysia Todd ◽  
David Funder
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Observer Ratings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Q Sort

The present study demonstrates a novel way of exploring the relationship between personality and social outcomes by examining an understudied intermediate step: situational construal. Construal is assessed in terms of the degree to which one's description of a situation agrees with others’ descriptions of the same situation (normativity) and the degree to which the description is positively valenced. Participants (N = 256) provided information about their personality and subsequently used the Riverside Situational Q–sort to describe their construal of three in–lab interactions with unacquainted others. A measure of positive behavioural social outcomes was constructed from observer ratings of the video–recorded interactions. Extraversion, agreeableness, openness and neuroticism (negatively) were related to positive behavioural social outcomes, as well as to normativity and positivity of construal. Additionally, normativity and positivity of construal were related to positive social outcomes. However, mediation analyses did not confirm that construal mediates the relation between personality and positive social outcomes. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Individual Differences in the Resistance to Social Change and Acceptance of Inequality Predict System Legitimacy Differently Depending on the Social Structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Brandt ◽  
Christine Reyna
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
European Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Social

We propose that individual differences in the resistance to social change and the acceptance of inequality can have divergent effects on legitimacy depending on the context. This possibility was tested in a sample of 27 European countries ( N = 144 367) and across four experiments (total N = 475). Individual differences in the resistance to social change were related to higher levels of perceived legitimacy no matter the level of inequality of the society. Conversely, individual differences in the acceptance of inequality were related to higher levels of perceived legitimacy in unequal societies, but either a relationship near zero or the opposite relationship was found in more equal societies. These studies highlight the importance of distinguishing between individual differences that make up political ideology, especially when making predictions in diverse settings. © 2017 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

The Relationship between Right–wing Attitudes and Cognitive Style: A Comparison of Self–report and Behavioural Measures of Rigidity and Intolerance of Ambiguity

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Van Hiel ◽  
Emma Onraet ◽  
Howard M Crowson ◽  
Arne Roets
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
European Association ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intolerance Of Ambiguity

Two recent meta–analytic studies addressing the relationship between cognitive style and right–wing attitudes yielded some discrepancies. We argue that these discrepancies can be accounted for when one considers the types of cognitive style measures included in those analyses. One of these analyses primarily relied on self–report measures, whereas the other relied on behavioural measures of cognitive style. Based on a new meta–analysis of 103 samples (total N = 12 714) focussing on behavioural and self–report measures of rigidity and intolerance of ambiguity, we confirmed the hypothesis that self–report scales yield stronger relationships with right–wing attitudes than behavioural measures. We point out potential conceptual and validity issues with both types of cognitive style measures and call for cautiousness when interpreting the magnitude of their relationships with ideology. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology

On the Role of Specific Emotions in Autonomous and Controlled Motivated Behaviour

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 437-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leen Vandercammen ◽  
Joeri Hofmans ◽  
Peter Theuns ◽  
Peter Kuppens
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Lab Experiment ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Relationship

In the present study, we study the effect of four specific emotions (i.e. happiness, relaxation, depression, and anxiety) on autonomous and controlled motivated behaviour. Drawing on the componential approach to emotions, we argue that because different emotions have a different action readiness—the readiness to engage with the environment—they also have a different impact on autonomous and controlled motivated behaviour. To test this hypothesis, we performed two studies. In the first one, 50 participants took part in an experience sampling study in which they reported their emotions (happiness, relaxation, depression, and anxiety) and autonomous and controlled motivated behaviour 10 times a day for 7 consecutive days. In the second study, 217 students participated in a lab experiment in which we studied the effect of induced anxiety, depression, happiness, and relaxation on autonomous motivated behaviour. The results showed how specific emotions predict autonomous motivated behaviour and that the relationship between the different emotions and autonomous motivated behaviour depends on the emotion under study. By doing so, we demonstrated the important role of emotions in the elicitation of autonomous motivated behaviour. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Personality Maturation during the Transition to Working Life: Associations with Commitment as A Possible Indicator of Social Investment

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte den Boer ◽  
Theo A. Klimstra ◽  
Susan J.T. Branje ◽  
Wim H.J. Meeus ◽  
Jaap J.A. Denissen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
European Association ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Student Life ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Investment Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Commitment

The social investment theory (SIT) proposes that personality maturation is triggered by transitions into age–graded roles and psychological commitment to these roles. The present study examines the predictions of SIT by focusing on the transition from student life to working life. We analysed three–wave longitudinal data and compared participants who made the transition into working life ( N = 226), participants who combined education with work ( N = 387), and participants who did not make the transition at all ( N = 287). In contrast to the predictions of SIT, we found no differences in personality maturation between individuals who made the transition into working life and those who did this only partly or not at all. Psychological commitment to work did not explain individual differences in personality maturation for those who made the transition (partly) into working life after controlling for multiple testing. Therefore, the present study did not support the predictions of SIT. © 2019 The Authors European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Truth and Wishful Thinking: How Interindividual Differences in Communal Motives Manifest in Momentary Partner Perceptions

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pusch ◽  
Felix D. Schönbrodt ◽  
Caroline Zygar–Hoffmann ◽  
Birk Hagemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
European Association ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Wishful Thinking ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
Partner Perceptions ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Although rooted in reality, partner perceptions often reflect wishful thinking due to perceivers’ needs. Dispositional needs, or motives, can differ between persons; however, little is known about their differential associations with everyday partner perception. The present study used data from a 4–week experience sampling study ( N = up to 60942 surveys from 510 individuals nested in 259 couples) to examine the effects of perceivers’ partner–related implicit and explicit communal motives on the perception of (i) global communal partner behaviour and (ii) specific communal and uncommunal partner behaviours. The results of truth and bias models of judgement and quasi–signal detection analyses indicate that strong implicit communal approach motives and strong explicit communal motives are associated with the tendency to overestimate the partner's communal behaviour. Additionally, strong implicit communal approach motives were associated with the tendency to avoid perceptions of uncommunal partner behaviour. Neither implicit nor explicit communal motives had an effect on accuracy in the perception of particularly communal partner behaviour. The results highlight the relevance of both implicit and explicit communal motives for momentary partner perceptions and emphasise the benefits of dyadic microlongitudinal designs for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which individual differences manifest in couples’ everyday lives. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Individual Differences in Emotional Mimicry: Underlying Traits and Social Consequences

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Mauersberger ◽  
Christophe Blaison ◽  
Konstantinos Kafetsios ◽  
Carolin–Louisa Kessler ◽  
Ursula Hess
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
European Association ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Context Model ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Social Satisfaction ◽  
Nonverbal Behaviour ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Laboratory Task

Mimicry, the imitation of the nonverbal behaviour of others, serves to establish affiliation and to smoothen social interactions. The present research aimed to disentangle rapid facial reactions (RFRs) to affiliative emotions from RFRs to nonaffiliative emotions from a trait perspective. In line with the Mimicry in Social Context Model by Hess and Fischer, we expected that only the former are mimicry responses indicative of underlying social relating competence and predictive of social satisfaction, whereas the latter superficially resemble mimicry responses and are driven by social relating incompetence and have opposite effects on social satisfaction. Further, we assumed that social relating competence would moderate the relationship between stable individuals‘ tendencies to show (mal)adaptive RFRs and social satisfaction. To test these hypotheses, 108 participants first completed scales measuring social relating competence, then participated in a mimicry laboratory task and finally evaluated their naturally occurring social interactions for 10 days. Affiliative RFRs to sadness were related to proximal indices of social relating competence and predicted positive social interactions, whereas nonaffiliative RFRs to disgust were related to social relating incompetence and predicted negative social interactions. By contrast, neither affiliative RFRs to happiness nor nonaffiliative RFRs to anger were linked to proximal indices of social relating competence, and both RFRs were only (dys)functional for interaction quality in less social relating–competent individuals. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

Personality Traits Predict Smartphone Usage

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Stachl ◽  
Sven Hilbert ◽  
Jiew–Quay Au ◽  
Daniel Buschek ◽  
Alexander De Luca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
European Association ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Actual Behaviour

The present study investigates to what degree individual differences can predict frequency and duration of actual behaviour, manifested in mobile application (app) usage on smartphones. In particular, this work focuses on the identification of stable associations between personality on the factor and facet level, fluid intelligence, demography and app usage in 16 distinct categories. A total of 137 subjects (87 women and 50 men), with an average age of 24 ( SD = 4.72), participated in a 90–min psychometric lab session as well as in a subsequent 60–day data logging study in the field. Our data suggest that personality traits predict mobile application usage in several specific categories such as communication, photography, gaming, transportation and entertainment. Extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness are better predictors of mobile application usage than basic demographic variables in several distinct categories. Furthermore, predictive performance is slightly higher for single factor—in comparison with facet–level personality scores. Fluid intelligence and demographics additionally show stable associations with categorical app usage. In sum, this study demonstrates how individual differences can be effectively related to actual behaviour and how this can assist in understanding the behavioural underpinnings of personality. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals Moral Foundations Theory and the Psychology of Charitable Giving

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Nilsson ◽  
Arvid Erlandsson ◽  
Daniel Västfjäll
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
European Association ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Moral Foundations Theory ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Moral Behaviour ◽  
Harm Prevention ◽  
The Relationship

Moral foundations theory proposes that intuitions about what is morally right or wrong rest upon a set of universal foundations. Although this theory has generated a recent surge of research, few studies have investigated the real–world moral consequences of the postulated moral intuitions. We show that they are predictably associated with an important type of moral behaviour. Stronger individualizing intuitions (fairness and harm prevention) and weaker binding intuitions (loyalty, authority, and sanctity) were associated with the willingness to comply with a request to volunteer for charity and with the amount of self–reported donations to charity organizations. Among participants who complied with the request, individualizing intuitions predicted the allocation of donations to causes that benefit out–groups, whereas binding intuitions predicted the allocation of donations to causes that benefit the in–group. The associations between moral foundations and self–report measures of allocations in a hypothetical dilemma and concern with helping in–group and out–group victims were similar. Moral foundations predicted charitable giving over and above effects of political ideology, religiosity, and demographics, although variables within these categories also exhibited unique effects on charitable giving and accounted for a portion of the relationship between moral foundations and charitable giving. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Solidarity and Social Justice: Effect of Individual Differences in Justice Sensitivity on Solidarity Behaviour

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Stavrova ◽  
Thomas Schlösser
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
European Association ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Justice Sensitivity ◽  
Random Draw ◽  
Hexaco Model

We investigate the effect of individual differences in justice sensitivity (JS) on giving behaviour in a solidarity game, its potential moderators and the underlying psychological mechanisms. In a solidarity game, subjects are asked to make decisions about transferring money to other players in a case in which they win a random draw and the other players lose. The results of four studies showed the following: (1) JS explains a unique portion of variance in the solidarity behaviour, above and beyond other basic personality dimensions (e.g. HEXACO model); (2) its effect does not depend on contextual factors, such as the degree of moral entitlement not to share and the possibility to attribute the recipients’ disadvantage to their own responsibility; and (3) individual differences in the emotions anticipated in response to different outcomes of a random draw and the cognitive interpretation of the allocation situation partially mediate the effect of JS on solidarity behaviour. We also provided the first evidence that JS predicts individual differences in the propensity to take away others’ earnings (antisocial behaviour). The results are discussed with respect to the research on personality as a predictor of prosocial and antisocial behaviour. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

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