Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Living Shoreline in a Confined, Non-Tidal Waterway Subject to Heavy Shipping Traffic

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1028-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. De Roo ◽  
P. Troch
Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Samantha Gauthier ◽  
Bradley May ◽  
Liette Vasseur

Coastal communities are increasingly vulnerable to climate change and its effects may push coastal ecosystems to undergo irreversible changes. This is especially true for shorebirds with the loss of biodiversity and resource-rich habitats to rest, refuel, and breed. To protect these species, it is critical to conduct research related to nature-based Solutions (NbS). Through a scoping review of scientific literature, this paper initially identified 85 articles with various ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) strategies that could help conserve shorebird populations and promote ecotourism. Of these 85 articles, 28 articles had EbA strategies that were examined, with some like coral reefs and mangroves eliminated as they were inappropriate for this region. The scoping review identified four major EbA strategies for the Greater Niagara Region with living shorelines and beach nourishment being the most suitable, especially when combined. These strategies were then evaluated against the eight core principles of nature-based solutions protecting shorebird as well as human wellbeing. Living shoreline strategy was the only one that met all eight NbS principles. As the coastline of the region greatly varies in substrate and development, further research will be needed to decide which EbA strategies would be appropriate for each specific area to ensure their efficacy.


2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 474-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abderrahmane Bouda ◽  
Nour El Islam Bachari ◽  
Lylia Bahmed ◽  
Ryad Boubenia

Purpose – Ballast water of merchant ship is a source of introduction of invasive species around the globe. The purpose of this paper is to present a quantitative risk assessment applied to a model port, the Port of Arzew in Algeria, and based on an analysis of this port’s shipping traffic. Design/methodology/approach – The risk assessment for introduction of invasive species is interpreted in the form of a probabilistic process, with a combination of two probabilities. The first probability is related to the ability of a species to arrive to the destination (recipient port), depending on the quantity of water ballast discharged and the duration of voyage. The second one is based on the species ability to survive in their new environment, which depends on the environmental similarity between donor port and Arzew port. Findings – This assessment’s outcome consists on a classification of scenarios regarding their acceptability. Consequently, it helped to classify donor ports according to a risk scale, from low risk to high-risk donor ports. Research limitations/implications – The phenomenon of invasion of aquatic species is a complex process. Factors such as adaptation and tolerance of species, the attendance or absence of predators, were not taken into account in this study. Practical implications – This study could be used by the maritime administration as a decision-making tool regarding the issue of exemptions under the IMO International Convention on the Management of Ballast Water and Sediments 2004. Originality/value – This is one of the first known studies in Algeria and dealing with ballast water management. The results of this assessment provide useful information to policy makers, in order to develop a national strategy to reduce the impact of shipping pollution on the marine environment.


2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 220-250
Author(s):  
José Antonio Mateo Oviedo

Desde la crisis financiera de 1929, las relaciones económicas entre países vivieron un período de acomodación que afianzó y a la vez generó vínculos bilaterales en la oferta y demanda de mercancías. Simultáneamente al estallido de la crisis, un puerto de ultramar de la región central de la provincia de Buenos Aires en Argentina comenzó a operar como exportador de granos. La pregunta que intentamos responder es cómo interactuaron ambos procesos tanto en la región adyacente al puerto (hinterland) como en el alcance mundial que alcanzaron las exportaciones salidas por él (foreland). Nuestro objetivo es medir y evaluar la adaptación de un puerto y su hinterland a este doble contexto de crisis y apertura internacional. Para alcanzarlo hemos confeccionado una base de datos con los registros del tráfico naviero llevado por la policía portuaria local (la Prefectura Nacional Marítima) y la Aduana de Puerto Quequén, a la que hemos cruzado con otras estadísticas oficiales acerca de la producción en el área y el volumen y tipo de exportaciones extraídas por el puerto. Los resultados obtenidos muestran por un lado una correlación positiva entre la apertura portuaria y el volumen de la producción del hinterland y por otro la conformación de un foreland alternativo al previo a la crisis para la economía del país, el cual implicó un mayor acercamiento a los países de la región. Un foreland segmentado al que remitían con casi exclusividad forrajes (avena y cebada) para los puertos ubicados en Europa y trigo para diversos puertos americanos. La crisis, al menos mirada desde Puerto Quequén, fue oportunidad de redefinición de la producción, de experimentación de circuitos económicos, de integración con la región continental y de reducción de parte de la dependencia tradicional de la demanda europea. Palabras clave: historia, puerto, exportaciones agrícolas,  Gran Depresión, Puerto Quequén.Between the Crisis and a New Port: The Agricultural Exports of the Region of Puerto Quequén during the Great Depression (1929-1939)AbstractFrom the financial crisis of 1929, the economic relations between countries lived a period of accommodation that guaranteed and simultaneously it generated bilateral links in the offer and demand of goods. Simultaneously to the start of the crisis, a port of overseas in the central region of the Buenos Aires province in Argentina began to operate as exporter of grains. The question that we try to answer is how both processes interacted in the adjacent region to the port (hinterland) as well as the world scope of the exports (foreland). Our aim is to measure and to evaluate the adjustment of a port and his hinterland to this double context of crisis and international opening. To reach it we have made a database with the records of the shipping traffic taken by the port local police (the National Maritime Prefecture) and the Customs of Port Quequén, to which we have crossed with other official statistics brings over of the production in the area and the volume and type of exports extracted by the port. The obtained results show on the one hand a positive correlation between the port opening and the volume of the production in the hinterland and for other one the conformation of an alternative foreland to the before one the crisis for the economy of the country, which implied a major approximation to the countries of the region. A segmented foreland, from which it was sent almost in exclusivity, forage (oats and barley) for the ports located in Europe and wheat for diverse American ports. The crises −at least looked from Port Quequén- was an opportunity of redefinition of the production, of experimentation of economic circuits, of integration with the continental region and of reduction on behalf of the traditional dependence of the European demand. Keywords: history, port, agricultural exports, Great Depression, Port Quequén.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 7293-7319
Author(s):  
Benjamin Chazeau ◽  
Brice Temime-Roussel ◽  
Grégory Gille ◽  
Boualem Mesbah ◽  
Barbara D'Anna ◽  
...  

Abstract. This study reports results of PM1 chemical composition determined using a Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM) over a 14-month period (1 February 2017–13 April 2018) at the Marseille–Longchamp supersite (MRS-LCP) in France. Parallel measurements were performed with an aethalometer, an ultrafine particle monitor and a suite of instruments to monitor regulated pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, O3 and SO2). The average PM1 chemical composition over the period was dominated by organic aerosol (OA; 49.7 %) and black carbon (BC; 17.1 %), while sulfate accounted for 14.6 %, nitrate for 10.2 %, ammonium for 7.9 % and chloride for 0.5 % only. Wintertime was found to be the season contributing the most to the annual PM1 mass concentration (30 %), followed by autumn (26 %), summer (24 %) and spring (20 %). During this season, OA and BC concentrations were found to contribute 32 % and 31 % of their annual concentrations, respectively, as a combined result of heavy urban traffic, high emissions from residential heating and low planetary boundary layer (PBL) height. Most (75 %) of the 15 days exceeding the target daily PM2.5 concentration value recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) occurred during this season. Local and long-range pollution episodes with contrasting chemical composition could be distinguished, accounting for 40 % and 60 % of the exceedance days, respectively. Enhanced OA and BC concentrations, mostly originating from domestic wood burning under nocturnal land breeze conditions, were observed during local pollution episodes, while high levels of oxygenated OA and inorganic nitrate were associated with medium-/long-range transported particles. In summertime, substantially higher concentrations of sulfate were found, with an average and a maximum contribution to the PM1 mass of 24 % and 66 %, respectively. Results from k-means clustering analysis of daily profiles of sulfate concentrations clearly reveal the significant influence of local harbour/industrial activities on air quality in addition to the more regional contribution of shipping traffic that originates from the Mediterranean basin.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 9473-9489
Author(s):  
Rafael A. O. Nunes ◽  
Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz ◽  
Fernando G. Martins ◽  
Fátima Calderay-Cayetano ◽  
Vanessa Durán-Grados ◽  
...  

Abstract. Marine traffic has been identified as a relevant source of pollutants, which cause known negative effects on air quality. The Iberian Peninsula is a central point in the connection of shipping traffic between the Americas, Africa, and the rest of Europe. To estimate the effects of shipping emissions inland and around the Iberian Peninsula, the EMEP/MSC-W model was run considering and not considering shipping emissions (obtained with STEAM3). Total estimated emissions of CO, CO2, SOx, NOx, and particulate matter (subdivided into elementary carbon – EC, organic carbon – OC, sulfate, and ash) for the study domain in 2015 were respectively 49, 30 000, 360, 710, 4.5, 11, 32, and 3.3 kt yr−1. Shipping emissions increased SO2 and NO2 concentrations, especially near port areas, and also increased the O3, sulfate, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations over the entire Iberian Peninsula coastline (especially in the south coastal region). Shipping emissions were responsible for exceedances of WHO air quality guidelines for PM2.5 in areas far from the coastline, which confirms that shipping emissions can contribute negatively to air quality, both in coastal and inland areas.


2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1035-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Healy ◽  
S. Hellebust ◽  
I. Kourtchev ◽  
A. Allanic ◽  
I. P. O'Connor ◽  
...  

Abstract. An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was co-located with a suite of semi-continuous instrumentation for the quantitative measurement of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate, particle number and PM2.5 mass at a site in Cork Harbour, Ireland for three weeks in August 2008. Off-line analysis of polar organic markers was also performed for the same period. The data collected was used to identify and apportion local and regional sources of PM2.5. Over 550 000 ATOFMS particle mass spectra were generated and classified using the K-means algorithm. The vast majority of particles ionised by the ATOFMS were attributed to local sources, although one class of carbonaceous particles detected is attributed to North American or Canadian anthropogenic sources. The temporality of the ambient ATOFMS particle classes was subsequently used in conjunction with the semi-continuous measurements to apportion PM2.5 mass using positive matrix factorisation. Six factors were obtained, corresponding to vehicular traffic, marine, long-range transport, power generation, domestic solid fuel combustion and shipping traffic. The estimated contribution of each factor to the measured PM2.5 mass was 23%, 14%, 13%, 11%, 5% and 1.5%, respectively. Shipping was found to contribute 18% of the measured particle number (20–600 nm mobility diameter), and thus may have implications for human health considering the size and composition of ship exhaust particles.


Author(s):  
M. Elisabetta Tonizzi

When the Kingdom of Italy was formed in March 1861, Rome was not yet the centre of government (it would become so only in 1870), but Genoa was already the maritime capital and, together with Marseilles, the most important port in the Mediterranean. In fact, at Unification Genoa handled about fifteen percent of the nation’s shipping traffic and was the largest of more than 250 Italian ports; it was also the most modern since it was the only one with a railway link (since 1854)....


Algorithms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manolis Maragoudakis

Marine transportation in Aegean Sea, a part of the Mediterranean Sea that serves as gateway between three continents has recently seen a significant increase. Despite the commercial benefits to the region, there are certain issues related to the preservation of the local ecosystem and safety. This danger is further deteriorated by the absence of regulations on allowed waterways. Marine accidents could cause a major ecological disaster in the area and pose big socio-economic impacts in Greece. Monitoring marine traffic data is of major importance and one of the primary goals of the current research. Real-time monitoring and alerting can be extremely useful to local authorities, companies, NGO’s and the public in general. Apart from real-time applications, the knowledge discovery from historical data is also significant. Towards this direction, a data analysis and simulation framework for maritime data has been designed and developed. The framework analyzes historical data about ships and area conditions, of varying time and space granularity, measures critical parameters that could influence the levels of hazard in certain regions and clusters such data according to their similarity. Upon this unsupervised step, the degree of hazard is estimated and along with other important parameters is fed into a special type of Bayesian network, in order to infer on future situations, thus, simulating future data based on past conditions. Another innovative aspect of this work is the modeling of shipping traffic as a social network, whose analysis could provide useful and informative visualizations. The use of such a system is particularly beneficial for multiple stakeholders, such as the port authorities, the ministry of Mercantile Marine, etc. mainly due to the fact that specific policy options can be evaluated and re-designed based on feedback from our framework.


2020 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 106071 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Safak ◽  
P.L. Norby ◽  
N. Dix ◽  
R.E. Grizzle ◽  
M. Southwell ◽  
...  

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