scholarly journals Measurement report: Fourteen months of real-time characterisation of the submicronic aerosol and its atmospheric dynamics at the Marseille–Longchamp supersite

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 7293-7319
Author(s):  
Benjamin Chazeau ◽  
Brice Temime-Roussel ◽  
Grégory Gille ◽  
Boualem Mesbah ◽  
Barbara D'Anna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Land Breeze ◽  
Local Pollution ◽  
Shipping Traffic ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Pollution Episodes

Abstract. This study reports results of PM1 chemical composition determined using a Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM) over a 14-month period (1 February 2017–13 April 2018) at the Marseille–Longchamp supersite (MRS-LCP) in France. Parallel measurements were performed with an aethalometer, an ultrafine particle monitor and a suite of instruments to monitor regulated pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, O3 and SO2). The average PM1 chemical composition over the period was dominated by organic aerosol (OA; 49.7 %) and black carbon (BC; 17.1 %), while sulfate accounted for 14.6 %, nitrate for 10.2 %, ammonium for 7.9 % and chloride for 0.5 % only. Wintertime was found to be the season contributing the most to the annual PM1 mass concentration (30 %), followed by autumn (26 %), summer (24 %) and spring (20 %). During this season, OA and BC concentrations were found to contribute 32 % and 31 % of their annual concentrations, respectively, as a combined result of heavy urban traffic, high emissions from residential heating and low planetary boundary layer (PBL) height. Most (75 %) of the 15 days exceeding the target daily PM2.5 concentration value recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) occurred during this season. Local and long-range pollution episodes with contrasting chemical composition could be distinguished, accounting for 40 % and 60 % of the exceedance days, respectively. Enhanced OA and BC concentrations, mostly originating from domestic wood burning under nocturnal land breeze conditions, were observed during local pollution episodes, while high levels of oxygenated OA and inorganic nitrate were associated with medium-/long-range transported particles. In summertime, substantially higher concentrations of sulfate were found, with an average and a maximum contribution to the PM1 mass of 24 % and 66 %, respectively. Results from k-means clustering analysis of daily profiles of sulfate concentrations clearly reveal the significant influence of local harbour/industrial activities on air quality in addition to the more regional contribution of shipping traffic that originates from the Mediterranean basin.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Long-term real-time characterisation of the submicronic aerosol and its atmospheric dynamic in a Mediterranean coastal city: Tracking the polluted events at the Marseille-Longchamp supersite

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Chazeau ◽  
Brice Temime-Roussel ◽  
Grégory Gille ◽  
Boualem Mesbah ◽  
Barbara D'Anna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Land Breeze ◽  
Pollution Episodes

Abstract. A supersite was recently implemented in Marseille to conduct intensive and advanced measurement studies for ambient aerosols. A Time-of-Flight Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ToF-ACSM) was deployed to investigate the chemical composition of submicronic aerosol over a 14-month period (1 February 2017–13 April 2018). Parallel measurements were performed with an Aethalometer, an ultrafine particle monitor and a suite of instruments to monitor regulated pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, O3 and SO2). The averaged PM1 chemical composition over the period was dominated by organics (49.7 %) and black carbon (17.1 %) while sulfate accounted for 14.6 %, nitrate for 10.2 %, ammonium for 7.9 % and chloride for 0.5 % only. Wintertime was found to be the season contributing the most to the annual PM1 mass concentration (30 %), followed by autumn (26 %), summer (24 %) and spring (20 %). During this season, OA and BC concentrations were found to contribute to 32 % and 31 % of their annual concentrations, respectively, as a combined result of heavy urban traffic, high emissions from residential heating, open combustion of green wastes and low planetary boundary layer (PBL) height. In summer, sulfate contribution to PM1 increased with an average and a maximum contribution to the PM1 of 24 % and 66 %. This is partly due to local photochemical production from its precursor SO2, locally emitted by shipping and industrial activities and advected to the city under sea breeze conditions. Results from backtrajectory cluster analysis suggest that, besides local anthropogenic activities, Mediterranean long-range transport contributes the most to the enrichment of the sulfate fraction. Another important feature of the summer season is that half of the most intense SO2 peaks happen at that time of the year and are associated to higher UFPs number. The fifteen days exceeding the target daily PM2.5 concentration value recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) occurred during the cold period (late autumn-early spring). These episodes contribute to an increase of 6.5 % of the annual PM1 concentration. Local and long-range pollution episodes could be distinguished, accounting for 40 and 60 % of the exceedance days, respectively. Enhanced OA and BC concentrations, mostly originating from domestic wood burning under nocturnal land breeze conditions were observed during local pollution episodes, while high level of oxygenated OA and inorganic nitrate were associated to medium/long-range transported particles. In conclusion this supersite showed a high potential for the study of seasonality and pollution episodes phenomenology in Marseille over multiple geographic scales. The present paper highlights the significant contribution of regional transport of pollutants to the local air pollution that must be considered by local authorities in deploying effective PM abatement strategies.

scholarly journals Long-Term Assessment of Air Quality and Identification of Aerosol Sources at Setúbal, Portugal

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (15) ◽  
pp. 5447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Viana Silva ◽  
Cristina M. Oliveira ◽  
Nuno Canha ◽  
Ana Isabel Miranda ◽  
Susana Marta Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Health Organization

Understanding air pollution in urban areas is crucial to identify mitigation actions that may improve air quality and, consequently, minimize human exposure to air pollutants and their impact. This study aimed to assess the temporal evolution of the air quality in the city of Setúbal (Portugal) during a time period of 10 years (2003–2012), by evaluating seasonal trends of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO, NO2 and NOx) measured in nine monitoring stations. In order to identify emission sources of particulate matter, PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 were characterized in two different areas (urban traffic and industrial) in winter and summer and, afterwards, source apportionment was performed by means of Positive Matrix Factorization. Overall, the air quality has been improving over the years with a decreasing trend of air pollutant concentration, with the exception of O3. Despite this improvement, levels of PM10, O3 and nitrogen oxides still do not fully comply with the requirements of European legislation, as well as with the guideline values of the World Health Organization (WHO). The main anthropogenic sources contributing to local PM levels were traffic, industry and wood burning, which should be addressed by specific mitigation measures in order to minimize their impact on the local air quality.

scholarly journals Study and analysis the effect of chemical composition of spring water of dhofar region against turbidity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmmed Saadi Ibrahim ◽  
◽  
Tafoul Abdullah Al Kathiri ◽  
Tariq Omar Hassan Al Rashidi Al Rashidi ◽  
Salim Ahmed Salim Al Shanfari Al Shanfari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
World Health ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization

The aim of this study is to calculate the physical properties of eight springs of the water of the Dhofar region in Oman using physiochemical parameters like pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The chemical properties estimated the concentrations of the metals in springs of water and specified the best healthy spring of water depending on the percentage difference between the actual and normal range set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Eight samples for each test were collected from eight springs of water, namely, Ain Hamran, Ain Deribat, Ain Tobruk, Ain Al-Nabi Ayoub, Ain Atom, Ain Jarziz, Ain Sahlnot, and Ain Razat using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) to study the chemical composition of the samples. Ain Jarziz represented high quality water because the percentage difference between actual and WHO was 78.78% compared to Ain Al-Nabi Ayoub, where the difference percentage was 105.95 %. Quantity of dissolved solid particles has a big effect on TDS and conductivity compared to the turbidity. Identification system was used to evaluate the effect of the quality of the chemical composition on the turbidity for Ions of Cl-1, So4 -2, Ca+2, Na+1, Mg+2, and K+1 to be equal to 99.52%, 75.4%, 92.548%, 95.346%, 98.011%, and 97.33 %, respectively. However, more studies are required to conform with the outcomes of this research employing this energetic technique.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Anacyclus pyrethrum essential oil from the Bensliman area against Culex pipiens

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Kawtar El Mokhtari ◽  
M'hammed EL Kouali ◽  
Mohammed Talbi ◽  
Latifa Hajji ◽  
Abdelhak El Brouzi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Asteraceae Family ◽  
Lc50 And Lc90

Anacyclus pyrethrum is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The focus of the present study is to extract the essential oil from this plant, to determine its chemical composition and to evaluate its insecticidal activity against the larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens. The essential oil from A. pyrethrum collected from the region of Bensliman in Morocco was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were studied. Essential oil yield obtained by hydrodistillation was 0.09%. The major aroma constituents were Spathulenol (20.47%), Germacrene D (16.48%), Caryophyllene oxide (13.20%), 4(14)-Salviale-1-one (8.27%) and Caryophyllene 4(14),8(15)-dien-5α-ol (7.30%). The larvicidal test carried out according to a methodology based on the standard protocol of the World Health Organization was studied on 4th instar larvae of C. pipiens and showed that A. pyrethrum essential oil possesses remarkable insecticidal properties.  After 24 hours of exposition, larvicidal assays revealed a 100% mortality of C. pipiens larvae. The dose of 40 μL/mL was toxic enough to cause 100% larval mortality of C. pipiens. The lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 calculated for the essential oil studied were of the order of 14.79 μL/mL and 19.95 μL/mL, respectively. To control mosquitoes, this essential oil extracted from A. pyrethrum might be used as a natural insecticide and therefore could be an alternative to synthetic insecticides already present on the market.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Anthocleista vogelii and Anti-oxidant Effect of Its Methanolic and Acetone Extracts

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
E. E. Ikpe ◽  
U. D. Archibong ◽  
C. U. Michael ◽  
E. G. Ukpong
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
World Health ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Acetone Extracts ◽  
Oxidant Effect

This study entailed determination of chemical composition of Anthocleista vogelii and anti-oxidant effect of its methanolic and acetone extract. The phytochemical screening of Anthocleista vogelii showed quantitatively the presence of alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins, Glycoside and phenols. The results from the proximate analysis indicated that the plant contained some important nutrient such as carbohydrate with percentage content of 16.07 – 34.67%, lipid 5.40 – 7.35%, and crude protein 2.23 – 2.41%. The mineral element analysis showed that potassium (K) was 32.6 – 41.1 mg/kg, sodium (Na) 5.41- 6.21 mg/kg, calcium 9.74 – 17.81 mg/kg, magnesium (mg) 5.71 – 32.0 mg/kg and Zn 0.32 – 0.68 mg/kg. The acetone and methanol leaves, stem bark and roots extracts of Anthocleista Vogelii exhibited reasonable scavenging activity in the DPPH (1, 1- diphenyl – 2- picrlhydrazyl) assay. The methnaolic extracts had a better inhibiting ability than acetone extract which could be attributed to higher content of tannin and Saponin in methanolic than acetone extract. The results were discussed with referenced to World Health Organization (WHO) standard of nutritional and medicinal values.

scholarly journals Modeling air pollution in Lebanon: evaluation at a suburban site in Beirut during summer

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 5873-5886 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Waked ◽  
C. Seigneur ◽  
F. Couvidat ◽  
Y. Kim ◽  
K. Sartelet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Nested Grids ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Air Pollution Episodes ◽  
Pollution Episodes

Abstract. Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, which is located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean basin, experiences high air pollution episodes. Annual average concentrations of coarse and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as well as nitrogen oxides (NOx) often exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Therefore, improving air quality in this region is essential. The Polyphemus/Polair3D modeling system is used here to investigate air pollution episodes in Beirut during 2 to 18 July 2011. The modeling domain covers two nested grids of 1 and 5 km horizontal resolution over greater Beirut and Lebanon, respectively. The anthropogenic emission inventory was developed earlier (Waked et al., 2012). The Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model is used to generate the meteorological fields and the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) is used for biogenic emissions. The results of the study are compared to measurements from a field campaign conducted in the suburb of Beirut during 2–18 July 2011. The model reproduces satisfactorily the concentrations of most gaseous pollutants, the total mass of PM2.5 as well as PM2.5 elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate. Ozone concentrations are overestimated and it appears that this overestimation results mainly from the boundary conditions.

scholarly journals Modeling air pollution in Lebanon: evaluation at a suburban site in Beirut

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 29571-29606 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Waked ◽  
C. Seigneur ◽  
F. Couvidat ◽  
Y. Kim ◽  
K. Sartelet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Capital City ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nested Grids ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Air Pollution Episodes ◽  
Pollution Episodes

Abstract. Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon, which is located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean basin, experiences high air pollution episodes. Annual average concentrations of coarse and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as well as nitrogen oxides (NOx) often exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Therefore, improving air quality in this region is essential. The Polyphemus/Polair3D modeling system is used here to investigate air pollution episodes in Beirut during 2–18 July 2011. The modeling domain covers two nested grids of 1 and 5 km horizontal resolution over the greater Beirut and Lebanon, respectively. The anthropogenic emission inventory was developed earlier (Waked et al., 2012). The Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model is used to generate the meteorological fields and the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) is used for biogenic emissions. The results of the study are compared to measurements from a field campaign conducted in the suburb of Beirut during 2–18 July 2011. The model reproduces satisfactorily the concentrations of most gaseous pollutants, the total mass of PM2.5 as well as PM2.5 elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate.

scholarly journals Short-Term Associations of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) on Mortality in 18 French Cities, 2010–2014

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1198
Author(s):  
Magali Corso ◽  
Myriam Blanchard ◽  
Sylvia Medina ◽  
Vérène Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Poisson Regression Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Health Organization

We present an analysis of short-term associations between ambient NO2 and mortality according to cause, age-group, and period (cold and warm) in 18 areas in metropolitan France for the 2010–2014 period. Associations were estimated in each area using a generalized additive Poisson regression model, and effects were summarized in a meta-analysis. The percentage increase in mortality rate was estimated for a 10 µg m−3 increase in the NO2 level in each area for each complete calendar year and for cold (November to April) and warm periods (May to October) in each year. We found that the NO2 increase (lag of 0–1 days) was associated with a 0.75% increase of non-accidental mortality for all age-groups (95% confidence interval (CI): (0.4; 1.10)). During the warm period, this NO2 increase was associated with a 3.07% increase in non-accidental mortality in the ≥75 years old group (95% CI: 1.97; 4.18). This study supports the short-term effects of NO2 as a proxy of urban traffic pollution on mortality, even for concentrations below the maximum guideline of 40 µg m−3 set down by the European Air Quality Standards and the World Health Organization (WHO).

scholarly journals Chemical Composition, Nutritional Values and Antibacterial Activities of Watermelon Seed (Citrullus lanatus)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Asoso Oluwakemi Sola ◽  
Ogunmefun Olayinka Temitayo ◽  
Adelegan Olufunke ◽  
Farida Shittu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Neisseria Sicca ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines traditional medicine as the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. Plants are traditionally used for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate chemical composition, nutritional evaluation and antibacterial activities of watermelon seeds. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of watermelon indicated that alkaloids were moderately present, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and phenols were all present. The quantitative analysis of watermelon indicated 3.080 mg/g for alkaloids, 0.304mg/g for phenols, 0.117 mg/g for tannins, 0.200mg/g for saponins and 2.675 mg/g for flavonoids.  The vitamin composition of watermelon seeds indicated 0.03 mg/100 g for vitaminB1, 0.01 vitaminB2, 0.64 mg/100g for vitaminB3, 0.24 mg /100 g vitaminB6 and 0.01 for vitaminB12.The bioactivities of extract were tested, against Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Necropsobacter rosorum, Tsukamurella hongkongensis, Lactobacillus sp, Staphylococcus petrasii, Neisseria sicca, Dietzi amaris, Pseudomonas oryzyhabitans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Advenella incenata, Neiserria subflava and Serriatia marcescens. Researchers are advised to turn their attention towards plants products, which is most promising area in search of new biologically activity compounds with better activity against multi drug resistant strains and reduced antibiotic related side effects.

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