Stabilization of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Containing Captopril Tin Complexes against Degradation upon Exposure to Ultraviolet Light

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-612
Author(s):  
Alabbas Majeed ◽  
Emad Yousif ◽  
Gamal A. El‐Hiti ◽  
Dina S. Ahmed ◽  
Ahmed A. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Tin Complexes

scholarly journals Tin Complexes of 4-(Benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide: Synthesis, Structure Elucidation and Their Efficiency as PVC Photostabilizers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2434
Author(s):  
Hassan Ghani ◽  
Emad Yousif ◽  
Dina S. Ahmed ◽  
Benson M. Kariuki ◽  
Gamal A. El-Hiti
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Structure Elucidation ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Polymeric Chains ◽  
Process Decomposition ◽  
Stabilizing Effect ◽  
Surface Alteration ◽  
Tin Complexes ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) suffers from photo-xidation and photodegradation when exposed to harsh conditions. Application of PVC thus relies on the development of ever more efficient photostabilizers. The current research reports the synthesis of new complexes of tin and their assessment as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers. The three new complexes were obtained in high yields from reaction of 4-(benzylideneamino)benzenesulfonamide and tin chlorides. Their structures were elucidated using different tools. The complexes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) at a very low concentration and thin films were made from the blends. The effectiveness of the tin complexes as photostabilizers has been established using a variety of methods. The new tin complexes led to a decrease in weight loss, formation of small residues, molecular weight depression, and surface alteration of poly(vinyl chloride) after irradiation. The additives act by absorption of ultraviolet light, removal the active chlorine produced through a dehydrochlorination process, decomposition of peroxides, and coordination with the polymeric chains. The triphenyltin complex showed the greatest stabilizing effect against PVC photodegradation as a result of its high aromaticity.

scholarly journals Tin Complexes Containing an Atenolol Moiety as Photostabilizers for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2923
Author(s):  
Baneen Salam ◽  
Gamal A. El-Hiti ◽  
Muna Bufaroosha ◽  
Dina S. Ahmed ◽  
Ahmed Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Phenyl Rings ◽  
Tin Complexes ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Loss Determination ◽  
Surface Changes

The lifetime of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) can be increased through the addition of additives to provide protection against irradiation. Therefore, several new tin complexes containing atenolol moieties were synthesized and their photostabilizing effect on PVC was investigated. Reacting atenolol with a number of tin reagents in boiling methanol provided high yields of tin complexes. PVC was then mixed with the tin complexes at a low concentration, producing polymeric thins films. The films were irradiated with ultraviolet light and the resulting damage was assessed using different analytical and surface morphology techniques. Infrared spectroscopy and weight loss determination indicated that the films incorporating tin complexes incurred less damage and less surface changes compared to the blank film. In particular, the triphenyltin complex was very effective in enhancing the photostability of PVC, and this is due to its high aromaticity (three phenyl rings) compared to other complexes. Such an additive acts as a hydrogen chloride scavenger, radical absorber, and hydroperoxide decomposer.

scholarly journals The Morphology and Performance of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Containing Melamine Schiff Bases against Ultraviolet Light

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamal El-Hiti ◽  
Mohammad Alotaibi ◽  
Ahmed Ahmed ◽  
Basheer Hamad ◽  
Dina Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Schiff Bases ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Polymeric Surface ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
And Performance

Five Schiff bases derived from melamine have been used as efficient additives to reduce the process of photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride) films. The performance of Schiff bases has been investigated using various techniques. Poly(vinyl chloride) films containing Schiff bases were irradiated with ultraviolet light and any changes in their infrared spectra, weight, and the viscosity of their average molecular weight were investigated. In addition, the surface morphology of the films was inspected using a light microscope, atomic force microscopy, and a scanning electron micrograph. The additives enhanced the films resistance against irradiation and the polymeric surface was much smoother in the presence of the Schiff bases compared with the blank film. Schiff bases containing an ortho-hydroxyl group on the aryl rings showed the greatest photostabilization effect, which may possibly have been due to the direct absorption of ultraviolet light. This phenomenon seems to involve the transfer of a proton as well as several intersystem crossing processes.

Enhancement of Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) Doped with Sulfadiazine Tin Complexes

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina S. Ahmed ◽  
Gamal A. El‐Hiti ◽  
Hanan Ibraheem ◽  
Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi ◽  
Mustafa Abdallh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Tin Complexes

scholarly journals Protection of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films against Photodegradation Using Various Valsartan Tin Complexes

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Mohammed ◽  
Gamal A. El-Hiti ◽  
Emad Yousif ◽  
Ahmed A. Ahmed ◽  
Dina S. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Polymeric Films ◽  
Polymeric Chain ◽  
Molecular Weight Determination ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Tin Complexes

Poly(vinyl chloride) is a common plastic that is widely used in many industrial applications. Poly(vinyl chloride) is mixed with additives to improve its mechanical and physical properties and to enable its use in harsh environments. Herein, to protect poly(vinyl chloride) films against photoirradiation with ultraviolet light, a number of tin complexes containing valsartan were synthesized and their chemical structures were established. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, weight loss, and molecular weight determination showed that the non-desirable changes were lower in the films containing the tin complexes than for the blank polymeric films. Analysis of the surface morphology of the irradiated polymeric materials showed that the films containing additives were less rough than the irradiated blank film. The tin complexes protected the poly(vinyl chloride) films against irradiation, where the complexes with high aromaticity were particularly effective. The additives act as primary and secondary stabilizers that absorb the incident radiation and slowly remit it to the polymeric chain as heat energy over time at a harmless level.

scholarly journals A Surface Morphological Study, Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Photo-Stabilizers Utilizing Ibuprofen Tin Complexes against Ultraviolet Radiation

Surfaces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-593
Author(s):  
Baraa Watheq ◽  
Emad Yousif ◽  
Mohammed H. Al-Mashhadani ◽  
Alaa Mohammed ◽  
Dina S. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Conjugation System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Tin Complexes ◽  
Photo Stability

In this work, three Ibuprofen tin complexes were synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 119Sn-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopies to identify the structures. The complexes were mixed separately with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) to improve its photo-stability properties. Their activity was demonstrated by several approaches of the FTIR to exhibit the formation of new groups within the polymer structure due to the exposure to UV light. Moreover, the polymer’s weight loss during irradiation and the average molecular weight estimation using its viscosity before and after irradiation were investigated. Furthermore, different techniques were used to study the surface morphology of the PVC before and after irradiation. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and optical microscope demonstrated that applying Ibuprofen tin complexes keeps the surface of PVC smoother, with fewer cracks and spots after irradiation comparing to the blank PVC. Finally, It seems possible that such synthesized Ibuprofen tin complexes can work as excellent photo-stabilizers of PVC. In particular, complex 1 showed the best results among other stabilizers due to the large conjugation system of the stabilizer.

scholarly journals Influence of Polyphosphates on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) after Irradiation with Ultraviolet Light

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamal A. El-Hiti ◽  
Dina S. Ahmed ◽  
Emad Yousif ◽  
Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi ◽  
Hind A. Satar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Phosphate Ester ◽  
Optical Scanning ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Acidic Conditions

Three new polyphosphates were synthesized in good yields by reacting diethylenetriamine with the appropriate phosphate ester in ethanol under acidic conditions. The polyphosphate structures were determined using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies, and their elemental compositions were confirmed by EDX spectroscopy. Polyphosphates were added to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) at low concentrations to fabricate thin films. The PVC films were irradiated with ultraviolet light for long periods, and the effect of polyphosphates as the photostabilizer was investigated by determining changes in the infrared spectra (intensity of specific functional group peaks), reduction in molecular weight, weight loss, and surface morphology. Minimal changes were seen for PVC films containing polyphosphate compared to that for the blank film. In addition, optical, scanning electron, and atomic force microscopies were used to inspect the surface morphology of films. Undesirable changes due to photodegradation were negligible in PVC films containing additives compared to films containing no additives. In addition, the surfaces were smoother and more homogeneous. Polyphosphates, and in particular ones that contain an ortho-geometry, act as efficient photostabilizers to reduce the rate of photodegradation. Polyphosphates absorb ultraviolet light, chelate with polymeric chains, scavenge radical moieties, and decompose peroxide residues.

scholarly journals Tin-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid Complexes as Photostabilizers for Poly(vinyl chloride)

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3629
Author(s):  
Hadeer Jasem ◽  
Angham G. Hadi ◽  
Gamal A. El-Hiti ◽  
Mohammed A. Baashen ◽  
Hassan Hashim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Polymeric Films ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Tin Chloride ◽  
Poly Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Tributyltin Chloride

Poly(vinyl chloride) degrades when exposed to ultraviolet light for long durations; therefore, the photostability of polymeric materials should be enhanced through the application of additives. New organotin complexes containing 4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid were synthesized and their role as poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilizers were evaluated. The reaction of 4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid and appropriate di- or trisubstituted tin chloride (triphenyltin chloride, tributyltin chloride, dibutyltin dichloride, and dimethyltin dichloride) in methanol under reflux gave the corresponding tin-naphthalene complexes with yields of 75%–95%. Elemental analyses and spectroscopic techniques including infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (proton and tin) were used to confirm their structures. The tin complexes were added to poly(vinyl chloride) to produce thin films that irradiated with ultraviolet light. Various parameters were assessed, such as the weight loss, formation of specific functional groups, changes in the surface due to photoirradiation, and rate constant of photodegradation, to test the role played by the organotin complexes to reduce photodegradation in polymeric films. The results proved that organotin complexes acted as photostabilizers in these circumstances. The weight loss, formation of fragments containing specific functional groups, and undesirable changes in the surface of polymeric films were limited in the presence of organotin complexes. Organotin complexes containing three phenyl groups showed the most desirable stabilization effect. These act as efficient primary and secondary photostabilizers, and as decomposers for peroxides. In addition, such an additive inhibits the dehydrochlorination process, which is the main cause of poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation.

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