scholarly journals Antarctic ecosystem responses following ice‐shelf collapse and iceberg calving: Science review and future research

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Ingels ◽  
Richard B. Aronson ◽  
Craig R. Smith ◽  
Amy Baco ◽  
Holly M. Bik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
Science Review ◽  
Antarctic Ecosystem ◽  
Iceberg Calving

scholarly journals How iceberg calving and grounding change the circulation and hydrography in the Filchner Ice Shelf-Ocean System

2001 ◽  
Vol 106 (C5) ◽  
pp. 9039-9055 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Grosfeld ◽  
M. Schröder ◽  
E. Fahrbach ◽  
R. Gerdes ◽  
A. Mackensen
Keyword(s):  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Iceberg Calving

scholarly journals A unifying framework for iceberg-calving models

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (199) ◽  
pp. 822-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Amundson ◽  
Martin Truffer
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Physical Explanation ◽  
Positive Feedbacks ◽  
First Order ◽  
External Forcings ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Calving Rate ◽  
Glacier Flow

AbstractWe propose a general framework for iceberg-calving models that can be applied to any calving margin. The framework is based on mass continuity, the assumption that calving rate and terminus velocity are not independent and the simple idea that terminus thickness following a calving event is larger than terminus thickness at the event onset. The theoretical, near steady-state analysis used to support and analyze the framework indicates that calving rate is governed, to first order, by ice thickness, thickness gradient, strain rate, mass-balance rate and backwards melting of the terminus; the analysis furthermore provides a physical explanation for a previously derived empirical relationship for ice-shelf calving (Alley and others, 2008). In the calving framework the pre- and post-calving terminus thicknesses are given by two unknown but related functions. The functions can vary independently of changes in glacier flow and geometry, and can therefore account for variations in calving behavior due to external forcings and/or self-sustaining calving processes (positive feedbacks). Although the calving framework does not constitute a complete calving model, any thickness-based calving criterion can easily be incorporated into the framework. The framework should be viewed as a guide for future attempts to parameterize calving.

scholarly journals A statistical fracture model for Antarctic ice shelves and glaciers

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3187-3213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Emetc ◽  
Paul Tregoning ◽  
Mathieu Morlighem ◽  
Chris Borstad ◽  
Malcolm Sambridge
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Damage Mechanics ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Continuum Damage Mechanics ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Average Success Rate

Abstract. Antarctica and Greenland hold enough ice to raise sea level by more than 65 m if both ice sheets were to melt completely. Predicting future ice sheet mass balance depends on our ability to model these ice sheets, which is limited by our current understanding of several key physical processes, such as iceberg calving. Large-scale ice flow models either ignore this process or represent it crudely. To model fractured zones, an important component of many calving models, continuum damage mechanics as well as linear fracture mechanics are commonly used. However, these methods have a large number of uncertainties when applied across the entire Antarctic continent because the models were typically tuned to match processes seen on particular ice shelves. Here we present an alternative, statistics-based method to model the most probable zones of the location of fractures and demonstrate our approach on all main ice shelf regions in Antarctica, including the Antarctic Peninsula. We can predict the location of observed fractures with an average success rate of 84 % for grounded ice and 61 % for floating ice and a mean overestimation error rate of 26 % and 20 %, respectively. We found that Antarctic ice shelves can be classified into groups based on the factors that control fracture location.

scholarly journals Ice-shelf dynamics near the front of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antaretica, revealed by SAR interferometry: model/interferogram comparison

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (147) ◽  
pp. 419-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas R MacAyeal ◽  
Eric Rignot ◽  
Christina L Hulbe
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Deformation Pattern ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Shelf Dynamics ◽  
Coastal Boundary ◽  
Shelf Flow

AbstractWe compare European remote-sensing satellite (ERS) synthetic aperture radar interferograms with artificial interferograms constructed using output of a finite-element ice-shelf flow model to study the dynamics of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS), Antaretica, near Hemmen Ice Rise (HIR) where the iceberg-calving front intersects Berkner Island. We find that the model must account for rifts, mechanically competent sea ice which fills rifts, and ice softening in coastal boundary layers in order to agree with the ice-deformation pattern implied by observed interferograms. Analysis of the stress field in the model experiment that best matches the observed interferograms suggests that: (1) HIR introduces weakness into the ice shelf through the generation of large-scale rifts, and (2) the melange of sea ice and ice-shelf fragments that fills the rifts stabilizes the shelf front by providing mechanical coupling between the fractured shelf front and the adjacent coast. The rift-filling melange could melt more easily than the surrounding ice shelf and thus could represent a vulnerability of the FRIS to climate warming.

scholarly journals Efficient Location and Extraction of the Iceberg Calved Areas of the Antarctic Ice Shelves

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 2658
Author(s):  
Mengzhen Qi ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Yijing Lin ◽  
Fengming Hui ◽  
Teng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Process ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Extraction Area ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Textural Characteristics ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Ice Velocity ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Omission Errors

Continuous, rapid, and precise monitoring of calving events contributes to an in-depth understanding of calving mechanisms, which have the potential to cause significant mass loss from the Antarctic ice sheet. The difficulties in the precise monitoring of iceberg calving lie with the coexistence of ice shelf advances and calving. The manual location of iceberg calving is time-consuming and painstaking, while achieving precise extraction has mostly relied on the surface textural characteristics of the ice shelves and the quality of the images. Here, we propose a new and efficient method of separating the expansion and calving processes of ice shelves. We visualized the extension process by simulating a new coastline, based on the ice velocity, and detected the calved area using the simulated coastline and single-temporal post-calving images. We extensively tested the validity of this method by extracting four annual calving datasets (from August 2015 to August 2019) from the Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar mosaic of the Antarctic coastline. A total of 2032 annual Antarctic calving events were detected, with areas ranging from 0.05 km2 to 6141.0 km2, occurring on almost every Antarctic ice shelf. The extraction accuracy of the calved area depends on the positioning accuracy of the simulated coastline and the spatial resolution of the images. The positioning error of the simulated coastline is less than one pixel, and the determined minimum valid extraction area is 0.05 km2, when based on 75 m resolution images. Our method effectively avoids repetition and omission errors during the calved area extraction process. Furthermore, its efficiency is not affected by the surface textural characteristics of the calving fronts and the various changes in the frontal edge velocity, which makes it fully applicable to the rapid and accurate extraction of different calving types.

scholarly journals Viscous and elastic buoyancy stresses as drivers of ice-shelf calving

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (258) ◽  
pp. 643-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrille Mosbeux ◽  
Till J. W. Wagner ◽  
Maya K. Becker ◽  
Helen A. Fricker
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Elastic Model ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Bending Stresses ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Basal Melting ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Maximum Stresses

AbstractThe Antarctic Ice Sheet loses mass via its ice shelves predominantly through two processes: basal melting and iceberg calving. Iceberg calving is episodic and infrequent, and not well parameterized in ice-sheet models. Here, we investigate the impact of hydrostatic forces on calving. We develop two-dimensional elastic and viscous numerical frameworks to model the ‘footloose’ calving mechanism. This mechanism is triggered by submerged ice protrusions at the ice front, which induce unbalanced buoyancy forces that can lead to fracturing. We compare the results to identify the different roles that viscous and elastic deformations play in setting the rate and magnitude of calving events. Our results show that, although the bending stresses in both frameworks share some characteristics, their differences have important implications for modeling the calving process. In particular, the elastic model predicts that maximum stresses arise farther from the ice front than in the viscous model, leading to larger calving events. We also find that the elastic model would likely lead to more frequent events than the viscous one. Our work provides a theoretical framework for the development of a better understanding of the physical processes that govern glacier and ice-shelf calving cycles.

scholarly journals The Recent Advance of the Ross Ice Shelf Antarctica

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (112) ◽  
pp. 464-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Jacobs ◽  
D. R. Macayeal ◽  
J. L. Ardai
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Melting Rate ◽  
Spreading Rate ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Ross Ice Shelf ◽  
Front Position ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Basal Melting ◽  
Available Information

AbstractThe seaward edge of the Ross Ice Shelf advanced northward at a minimum average velocity of 0.8 km a–1 between 1962 and 1985. That advance approximated velocities that have been obtained from glaciological data, indicating little recent wastage by iceberg calving. West of long. 178° E., the ice shelf has attained its most northerly position in the past 145 years, and has not experienced a major calving episode for at least 75 years. Since 1841 the ice-front position has advanced and retreated within a zone from about lat. 77° 10’S. (near long. 171° E.) to lat. 78° 40’ S. (near long. 164° W.). The central ice front is now farthest south but has the highest advance rate. Calving may occur at more frequent intervals in that sector, which also overlies the warmest ocean currents that flow into the sub-ice-shelf cavity. Available information on ice-shelf advance, thickness, spreading rate, and surface accumulation indicates a basal melting rate around 3 m a–1 near the ice front. These data and independent estimates imply that basal melting is nearly as large a factor as iceberg calving in maintaining the ice-shelf mass balance. In recent years, the Ross, Ronne, and Filchner Ice Shelves have contributed few icebergs to the Southern Ocean, while projections from a contemporaneous iceberg census are that circumpolar calving alone may exceed accumulation on the ice sheet. Large-scale ice-shelf calving may have preceded historical sightings of increased numbers of icebergs at sea.

scholarly journals Recent rift formation and impact on the structural integrity of the Brunt Ice Shelf, East Antarctica

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan De Rydt ◽  
G. Hilmar Gudmundsson ◽  
Thomas Nagler ◽  
Jan Wuite ◽  
Edward C. King
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
East Antarctica ◽  
Heterogeneous Structure ◽  
High Likelihood ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Slow Propagation

Abstract. We report on the recent reactivation of a large rift in the Brunt Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, in December 2012 and the formation of a 50 km long new rift in October 2016. Observations from a suite of ground-based and remote sensing instruments between January 2000 and July 2017 were used to track progress of both rifts in unprecedented detail. Results reveal a steady accelerating trend in their width, in combination with alternating episodes of fast ( > 600 m day−1) and slow propagation of the rift tip, controlled by the heterogeneous structure of the ice shelf. A numerical ice flow model and a simple propagation algorithm based on the stress distribution in the ice shelf were successfully used to hindcast the observed trajectories and to simulate future rift progression under different assumptions. Results show a high likelihood of ice loss at the McDonald Ice Rumples, the only pinning point of the ice shelf. The nascent iceberg calving and associated reduction in pinning of the Brunt Ice Shelf may provide a uniquely monitored natural experiment of ice shelf variability and provoke a deeper understanding of similar processes elsewhere in Antarctica.

scholarly journals SYNOPTIC OBSERVATIONS OF CALVING EVENTS IN ANTARCTICA USING SPACEBORNE IMAGES

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-5 ◽  
pp. 531-536
Author(s):  
S. D. Jawak ◽  
S. S. Singh ◽  
A. J. Luis
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
The Past ◽  
Abnormal Rate ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Synoptic Observations ◽  
Landsat Satellite

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Iceberg calving is the detachment of ice from ice shelves or glaciers. Although calving is a natural phenomenon, an abnormal rate of calving can be a threat to ice shelves. Some of the events were so large, that an iceberg of approximately 150<span class="thinspace"></span>&amp;times;<span class="thinspace"></span>50<span class="thinspace"></span>km area was calved in a single event. The most recent reported iceberg calving event was Larsen C and it took place in July 2017. In addition to the large and widely reported calving events, there are several small calving events, which are also of great significance and contribute to the overall mass loss from Antarctica. This study focuses on small calving events in Antarctica along various coasts. Three calving events are studied here, all of them have occurred in the past. This study was performed using Google Earth and Landsat satellite imageries. The first event is identified to have occurred at the Knox coast in 2016. Even after the icebergs were calved, they remained intact with the ice shelf due to ice fronts. The second event took place at the Queen Mary Coast in the year 2014. This event was studied from 2009 to 2016 using Landsat satellite images and many rifts were observed. The third event took place at the Princess Astrid Coast in the year 2016. This event was monitored from 2014 and three icebergs were calved between the years 2014 to 2016. This study emphasizes the exploitation of optical satellite data for studying calving events in Antarctica. Various crevasses and rifts are observed on Landsat imageries, which can be the first sign of a calving process.</p>

scholarly journals Full-Stokes modeling of grounding line dynamics, ice melt and iceberg calving for Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongju Yu ◽  
Eric Rignot ◽  
Mathieu Morlighem ◽  
Helene Seroussi
Keyword(s):  
West Antarctica ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Grounding Line ◽  
Iceberg Calving ◽  
Elastic Fracture ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Thwaites Glacier (TG), West Antarctica, has been losing mass and retreating rapidly in the past three decades. Here we present a two-dimensional, Full-Stokes (FS) modeling study of the grounding line dynamics and iceberg calving of TG. First, we compare FS with two simplified models, the higher-order (HO) model and the shallow-shelf approximation (SSA) model, to determine the impact of changes in ice shelf basal melt rate on grounding line dynamics. Second, we combine FS with the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) theory to simulate crevasse propagation and iceberg calving. In the first experiment, we find that FS requires basal melt rate consistent with remote sensing observations to reach steady state at TG’s current geometry while HO and SSA require unrealistically high basal melt rate. The grounding line of FS is also more sensitive to changes in basal melt rate than HO and SSA. In the second experiment, we find that only FS can produce surface and bottom crevasses that match radar sounding observations of crevasse width and height. We attribute the difference to the non- hydrostatic conditions of ice near the grounding line, which facilitate crevasse formation and are not accounted for in HO and SSA. Additional experiments using FS indicate that iceberg calving is significantly enhanced when surface crevasses exist near the grounding line, when ice shelf is shortened, or when the ice shelf front is undercut. We conclude that FS yields substantial improvements in the description of ice flow dynamics at the grounding line under high basal melt rate and in constraining crevasse formation and iceberg calving.

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