Management of Postharvest Diseases in Stone and Pome Fruit Crops

Eight strains of Metschnikowia pulcherrima isolated over a 4-year period from an unmanaged orchard and selected for their biocontrol activity against blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum) of apples were characterized phenotypically, genetically, and for their biocontrol potential against blue mold on apples. All strains grew well and only differed slightly in their growth in nutrient yeast dextrose broth medium at 1°C after 216 h, but large differences occurred at 0°C, with strain T5-A2 outgrowing other strains by more than 25% transmittance after 360 h. This strain was also one of the most resistant to diphenylamine (DPA), a postharvest antioxidant treatment. All strains required biotin for growth in minimum salt (MS) medium, although strain ST2-A10 grew slightly in MS medium containing riboflavin or folic acid, as did ST3-E1 in MS medium without vitamins. None of the strains produced killer toxins against an indicator strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of Biolog data from YT plates for all eight strains using the MLCLUST program resulted in separation of the strains into one major cluster containing four strains and four scattered strains from which strain ST1-D10 was the most distant from all other strains. This was particularly apparent in 3-D and principle component analysis. Genetic differentiation of the eight strains using maximum parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences from domain D1/D2 of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA resulted in detection of two clades. Strain ST1-D10 grouped with the type strain of M. pulcherrima but the remaining seven strains grouped separately, which might possibly represent a new species. All strains significantly reduced blue mold on mature Golden Delicious apples during 1 month of storage at 1°C followed by 7 days at room temperature, but strains T5-A2 and T4-A2 were distinctly more effective under these conditions. Strain T5-A2 also was the most effective in tests on harvest mature apples treated with the lowest concentration of the antagonist and stored for 3 months at 0.5°C. Populations of all eight strains increased in apple wounds by approximately 2 log units after 1 month at 1°C followed by 5 days at 24°C. Our results indicate that M. pulcherrima is an excellent candidate for biological control of postharvest diseases of pome fruit. The variation in phenotypic, genetic, and biocontrol characteristics among strains of M. pulcherrima isolated from the same orchard should make it possible to select antagonists with characteristics that are most desirable for postharvest application.

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Evgeny Nikolaevich Sedov: a leading breeder of pome fruit crops in Russia

PROCEEDINGS ON APPLIED BOTANY GENETICS AND BREEDING ◽

10.30901/2227-8834-2020-2-145-155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 181 (2) ◽

pp. 145-155

Author(s):

A. M. Galasheva ◽

Т. V. Yanchuk ◽

N. G. Krasova

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Scientific School ◽

Fruit Breeding ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Pome Fruit ◽

Full Member ◽

Agricultural Sciences ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Academy Of Sciences ◽

Active Substances

Acad. Evgeny Nikolaevich Sedov, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Full Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Scientist Emeritus, is an outstanding researcher and breeder, author of 90 apple and pear cultivars, founder of a scientific school specializing on priority trends in pome fruit breeding: – development of adaptable triploid apple cultivars with regular fruiting, high marketability of fruits, and increased self-fertility; – development of apple cultivars immune or highly resistant to scab; – development of triploid apple cultivars with immunity to scab; – development of columnar apple cultivars for super-intensive orchards and main technology elements for their cultivation; – development of apple cultivars with improved biochemical composition of fruits with higher content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and Р-active substances (vitamin Р).

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Nutrients boom as an indicator of the fruit crops requrements in mineral nutrition

Horticulture: Interdepartment Subdject Scientific Collection ◽

10.35205/0558-1125-2020-75-110-120 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 110-120

Author(s):

T.V. Maliuk ◽

◽

N.G. Pcholkina ◽

L.V. Kozlova ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mineral Nutrition ◽

Nitrogen Loss ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Black Soil ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Pome Fruit ◽

Vegetative Organs ◽

Complex Processes ◽

Southern Ukraine

The studies were devoted to determining the parameters of the nitrogen absorption and boom by of pome fruit crops intense in the conditions of Southern Ukraine and to assessing the expediency of these indices using to establish the plants requirements in mineral nutrition and rational fertilizers doses. The size and structure of the nitrogen boom by apple and pear trees, that is, the ratio between the nitrogen boom from pruned trees and fruits proved to depend on the varietal signs level of the crop yield, as well as on the doses, terms and methods of the mineral fertilizers application. However, the average nitrogen boom rates by these crops on the irrigated southern black soil did not exceed 25-52 kg N/ha, and this element absorption rate from mineral fertilizers was no more than 14-22 %. The investigations also showned that, with the maximum doses of the N90-120 fertilizer, the nitrogen boom with pruned trees increased by 11-31 % depending on the crop without significant increase of the orchard yield. In addition, when using nitrogen at doses significantly exceeding its boom, the soil accumulated an excess of nitrate compounds beyond the location of the bulk of the trees root system on vegetative rootstocks. Their amount achieved 17-35 % of the total nitrogen supplied to the soil during the entire fertilizer application period. This can cause both the increase of unproductive nitrogen loss, of environmental stress and the reduction of fertilizer payback, in agrocenoses due to the soil water contamination by nitrates. Considering the above mentioned facts as well as taking into account the ability of fruit crops to re-utilize the nutrients from the vegetative organs, the complex processes of the nitrogenous fund transformation of irrigated southern black soil, in particular, its ability to nitrogen mineralization, and the risk of the environmental contamination with nitrate compounds, the application of nitrogenous fertilizers doses higher than N60 in intense pome orchards in the south of Ukraine are not advisable in agronomic or environmental terms.

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Transferability of apple and pear SSRs to other temperate pome fruit crops of family Rosaceae

Genetika ◽

10.2298/gensr2101195s ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 195-208

Author(s):

Himani Sharma ◽

Parul Sharma ◽

Rajnish Sharma

Keyword(s):

Comparative Genomic ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Pome Fruit ◽

Pcr Product ◽

Homologous Locus ◽

Ssr Loci ◽

Genomic Studies ◽

Successful Amplification ◽

High Level ◽

Relationship Of

Extensive use of simple sequence repeat (SSR) is facilitated if loci would be transferable across species even in closely related genera to overcome high cost and efforts involved in their development as major constraints. In the present study, apple and pear genomic microsatellite primer pairs were used to amplify SSR loci in apple, pear, quince and loquat genotypes, respectively. Already reported SSRs were selected based on their polymorphic survey for successful amplification with at least one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of the approximate size expected for a homologous locus screened among apple and pear genotypes for further transferability exploration across other temperate pome fruit crops, respectively. Highest transferability of apple and pear SSR, 61.53 % and 73.33 % was observed in closely related quince and apple genotypes, respectively. This indicated that primer binding sites between these two closely related genera, Malus and Pyrus, are fairly well conserved. Maximum transferability rate was found to be 93.33 % and 80.00 % across all the subjected genotypes for primer CH05D11 and TSUenh016 in apple and pear, respectively. The transferability of markers is based on genomic similarity, and can reflect the relationship of genome collinearity and even evolution between species. This high level of transferability of apple and pear SSRs to other temperate pome fruit crops indicated their promise for application to future molecular screening, map construction, and comparative genomic studies, etc.

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Efficacy of Candida sake CPA-1 Formulation for Controlling Penicillium expansum Decay on Pome Fruit from Different Mediterranean Regions

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-69.11.2703 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 69 (11) ◽

pp. 2703-2711 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

R. TORRES ◽

N. TEIXIDÓ ◽

I. VIÑAS ◽

M. MARI ◽

L. CASALINI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Infection ◽

Storage Period ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

The European Union ◽

Postharvest Diseases ◽

Pome Fruit ◽

Commercial Applications ◽

Candida Sake

The effectiveness of a formulated product of the yeast Candida sake CPA-1 for controlling postharvest diseases on pome fruits was demonstrated in laboratory, semicommercial, and commercial trials carried out in the major pome fruit producing region of the European Union. First, one wettable powder and seven liquid formulations were tested in laboratory trials that involved two varieties of apples and two varieties of pears. In all cases, an efficacy similar to that of fresh cells was demonstrated in the control of artificial Penicillium expansum infection. After these trials, the formulated product chosen for semicommercial and commercial trials was LF1, a liquid formulation that is particularly suitable for commercial applications. In semicommercial trials, LF1 showed a performance similar to fresh cells in most trials, and the population dynamics of both fresh and formulated cells were quite stable throughout the storage period. This indicates the high viability of C. sake CPA-1 in this formulation and the absence of adverse effects during the formulation of the product, which may significantly affect both its ability to grow on fruit and its antagonistic activity. We evaluated the control of natural infection after applying the formulated product in a commercial drencher in different packinghouses. A significant reduction in the incidence of diseases was observed with a recommended dose of around 107 CFU/ml when natural infections were greater than 1%. In general, large quantities of yeast were observed on the surface of unwounded fruits of different pome fruit cultivars. Moreover, populations of this biocontrol agent increased rapidly on fruit surfaces and remained quite stable for a long time under commercial storage conditions. Commercial practices used in packinghouses were therefore successfully applied for this formulated product.

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