scholarly journals Biocontrol Potential of Metchnikowia pulcherrima Strains Against Blue Mold of Apple

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 1098-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Janisiewicz ◽  
T. J. Tworkoski ◽  
C. P. Kurtzman
Keyword(s):  
Large Subunit ◽  
Indicator Strain ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Major Cluster ◽  
Biocontrol Potential

Eight strains of Metschnikowia pulcherrima isolated over a 4-year period from an unmanaged orchard and selected for their biocontrol activity against blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum) of apples were characterized phenotypically, genetically, and for their biocontrol potential against blue mold on apples. All strains grew well and only differed slightly in their growth in nutrient yeast dextrose broth medium at 1°C after 216 h, but large differences occurred at 0°C, with strain T5-A2 outgrowing other strains by more than 25% transmittance after 360 h. This strain was also one of the most resistant to diphenylamine (DPA), a postharvest antioxidant treatment. All strains required biotin for growth in minimum salt (MS) medium, although strain ST2-A10 grew slightly in MS medium containing riboflavin or folic acid, as did ST3-E1 in MS medium without vitamins. None of the strains produced killer toxins against an indicator strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of Biolog data from YT plates for all eight strains using the MLCLUST program resulted in separation of the strains into one major cluster containing four strains and four scattered strains from which strain ST1-D10 was the most distant from all other strains. This was particularly apparent in 3-D and principle component analysis. Genetic differentiation of the eight strains using maximum parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences from domain D1/D2 of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA resulted in detection of two clades. Strain ST1-D10 grouped with the type strain of M. pulcherrima but the remaining seven strains grouped separately, which might possibly represent a new species. All strains significantly reduced blue mold on mature Golden Delicious apples during 1 month of storage at 1°C followed by 7 days at room temperature, but strains T5-A2 and T4-A2 were distinctly more effective under these conditions. Strain T5-A2 also was the most effective in tests on harvest mature apples treated with the lowest concentration of the antagonist and stored for 3 months at 0.5°C. Populations of all eight strains increased in apple wounds by approximately 2 log units after 1 month at 1°C followed by 5 days at 24°C. Our results indicate that M. pulcherrima is an excellent candidate for biological control of postharvest diseases of pome fruit. The variation in phenotypic, genetic, and biocontrol characteristics among strains of M. pulcherrima isolated from the same orchard should make it possible to select antagonists with characteristics that are most desirable for postharvest application.

scholarly journals Fumigation of Stored Pome Fruit with Hexanal Reduces Blue and Gray Mold Decay

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter L. Sholberg ◽  
Paul Randall
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Apple Slices

Stored apples and pears are subject to blue and gray mold decay incited by Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea respectively. Hexanal, a C6 carbon aldehyde, used as a vapor provided effective control of both blue and gray molds in laboratory experiments on apple slices. A preliminary trial with ‘Anjou’ pears in bins showed that hexanal was not corrosive and could reduce gray mold in pears stored for 7 months. However details on the correct procedure for fumigating pome fruit were lacking, and further studies were needed to develop a reliable fumigation strategy. In trials with inoculated fruit, hexanal inactivated conidia of B. cinerea contaminating the pear surface when used at a rate of 2 mg·L−1 for 24 hours or 4 mg·L−1 for 18 hours. It was less effective on ‘Gala’ apples inoculated with conidia of P. expansum, but reduced blue mold decay to low levels at 15 ºC. On the other hand, hexanal increased gray and blue molds when used after wounds were made in inoculated fruit. The use of a preharvest treatment with cyprodinil (0.62 g·L−1) reduced both blue and gray molds in wounds with or without hexanal fumigation. Thus a strategy for controlling postharvest decay was developed by which fruit were treated 2 weeks before harvest with cyprodinil, followed by fumigation with hexanal immediately after harvest. The use of this strategy on ‘Anjou’ pears produced the highest number of mold-free fruit in 2003 and the least amount of gray and blue mold decay in 2003 and 2004 on pears stored for 4 months. Wounded apples only developed 1% rot compared with 10% in the control, indicating that hexanal fumigation of stored apples reduced contamination. Monitoring hexanal during fumigation showed that hexanal concentration declined slowly over a 24-hour period and could accurately be described by a third-order polynomial equation. Hexanal fumigation at low rates (2–3 mg·L−1) was not phytotoxic and improved aroma in ‘Anjou’ pears and ‘Gala’ apples with no harmful effects on apple or pear firmness, pH, titratable acidity, or soluble solids.

scholarly journals The occurrence of postharvest diseases on apples resistant to scab

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bryk ◽  
Dorota Kruczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Storage Diseases ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Bull's Eye

The occurrence of storage diseases on fruit of seven scab resistant apple cultivars (Freedom, Rajka, Topaz, Rubinola, Enterprise, Goldstar, GoldRush) grafted on M.9 was investigated in 2001-2005. The trees were planted in 1995. It was found that after storage (4 and 6 months at 2<sup>°</sup>C, 85-90% RH) the most severe appeared to be bull's eye rot (<i>Pezicula</i> spp.). The most sensitive cultivars to this disease were: Topaz, Freedom, Goldstar, the least sensitive were Rubinola, Enterprise, Rajka. Other postharvest diseases like gray mold (<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>), blue mold (<i>Penicillium expansum</i>) and brown rot (<i>Monilinia fructigena</i>) were not common. 'Rajka' and 'Goldstar' were susceptible to bitter pit, and 'Freedom' to superficial scald.

scholarly journals Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M. Jurick II ◽  
Franz J. Lichtner ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Guohua Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters, indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known as well as not-yet-identified products of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

scholarly journals Characterization of Fludioxonil-Resistant and Pyrimethanil-Resistant Phenotypes of Penicillium expansum from Apple

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. X. Li ◽  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
The United States ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Resistant Mutants

Penicillium expansum is the primary cause of blue mold, a major postharvest disease of apple. Fludioxonil and pyrimethanil are two newly registered postharvest fungicides for pome fruit in the United States. To evaluate the potential risk of resistance development in P. expansum to the new postharvest fungicides, one isolate of each of thiabendazole-resistant (TBZ-R) and -sensitive (TBZ-S) P. expansum was exposed to UV radiation to generate fungicide-resistant mutants. Four fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants (EC50 > 1,000 μg/ml) and four pyrimethanil-resistant mutants (EC50 > 10 μg/ml) were tested for sensitivities to thiabendazole, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil, and fitness parameters including mycelial growth, sporulation on potato dextrose agar (PDA), sensitivity to osmotic stress, and pathogenicity and sporulation on apple fruit. The stability of resistance of the mutants was tested on PDA and apple fruit. Efficacy of the three fungicides to control blue mold incited by the mutants was evaluated on apple fruit. Six fungicide-resistant phenotypes were identified among the parental wild-type isolates and their mutants based upon their resistance levels. All four fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants were sensitive to pyrimethanil and retained the same phenotypes of resistance to TBZ as the parental isolates. All four pyrimethanil-resistant mutants had a low level of resistance to fludioxonil with a resistance factor >15. The two pyrimethanil-resistant mutants derived from a TBZ-S isolate became resistant to TBZ at 5 μg/ml. After 20 successive generations on PDA and four generations on apple fruit, the mutants retained the same phenotypes as the original generations. All mutants were pathogenic on apple fruit at both 0 and 20°C, but fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants were less virulent and produced fewer conidia on apple fruit than pyrimethanil-resistant mutants and their parental wild-type isolates. Compared with the parental isolates, all four fludioxonil highly-resistant mutants had an increased sensitivity to osmotic stress on PDA amended with NaCl, while the pyrimethanil-resistant mutants did not. Pyrimethanil was effective against blue mold caused by fludioxonil-resistant mutants at both 0 and 20°C. Pyrimethanil and fludioxonil reduced blue mold incited by pyrimethanil-resistant mutants during 12-week storage at 0°C but were not effective at 20°C. TBZ was not effective against pyrimethanil-resistant mutants derived from TBZ-S wild-type isolates at room temperature but provided some control at 0°C. The results indicate that: (i) a fitness cost was associated with fludioxonil highly resistant mutants of P. expansum in both saprophytic and pathogenic phases of the pathogen but not pyrimethanil-resistant mutants; (ii) pyrimethanil possessed a higher risk than fludioxonil in the development of resistance in P. expansum; and (iii) triple resistance to the three apple-postharvest fungicides could emerge and become a practical problem if resistance to pyrimethanil develops in P. expansum populations.

scholarly journals Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M Jurick II ◽  
Franz J Lichtner ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Guohua Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known, as well as not-yet-identified products, of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

Efficacy of Candida sake CPA-1 Formulation for Controlling Penicillium expansum Decay on Pome Fruit from Different Mediterranean Regions

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2703-2711 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. TORRES ◽  
N. TEIXIDÓ ◽  
I. VIÑAS ◽  
M. MARI ◽  
L. CASALINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Candida Sake

The effectiveness of a formulated product of the yeast Candida sake CPA-1 for controlling postharvest diseases on pome fruits was demonstrated in laboratory, semicommercial, and commercial trials carried out in the major pome fruit producing region of the European Union. First, one wettable powder and seven liquid formulations were tested in laboratory trials that involved two varieties of apples and two varieties of pears. In all cases, an efficacy similar to that of fresh cells was demonstrated in the control of artificial Penicillium expansum infection. After these trials, the formulated product chosen for semicommercial and commercial trials was LF1, a liquid formulation that is particularly suitable for commercial applications. In semicommercial trials, LF1 showed a performance similar to fresh cells in most trials, and the population dynamics of both fresh and formulated cells were quite stable throughout the storage period. This indicates the high viability of C. sake CPA-1 in this formulation and the absence of adverse effects during the formulation of the product, which may significantly affect both its ability to grow on fruit and its antagonistic activity. We evaluated the control of natural infection after applying the formulated product in a commercial drencher in different packinghouses. A significant reduction in the incidence of diseases was observed with a recommended dose of around 107 CFU/ml when natural infections were greater than 1%. In general, large quantities of yeast were observed on the surface of unwounded fruits of different pome fruit cultivars. Moreover, populations of this biocontrol agent increased rapidly on fruit surfaces and remained quite stable for a long time under commercial storage conditions. Commercial practices used in packinghouses were therefore successfully applied for this formulated product.

scholarly journals Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M Jurick II ◽  
Franz J Lichtner ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Guohua Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known, as well as not-yet-identified products, of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

Biocontrol of postharvest diseases of apple using Bacillus spp. isolated from stored apples

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Sholberg ◽  
A. Marchi ◽  
J. Bechard
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Endophytic Bacteria ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Biocontrol Agents ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Ninety-five bacterial isolates were recovered from 38 of 77 apples that had been stored at 1 °C for 6–7 months. The highest number of bacteria were recovered in nutrient, dextrose, and V8 juice broths, respectively. The bacteria were screened as biocontrol agents on cultivar Red Delicious apples primarily for control of blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum. Three bacteria effective against P. expansum were also tested against Botrytis cinerea for control of gray mold. Ten, four, and five isolates significantly reduced blue mold decay when apples were stored at 5, 10, and 20 °C. Two isolates tested against gray mold decay significantly reduced decay at 5 and 10 °C and one isolate was effective at 20 °C. Thirty-six isolates that had been selected for identification by the Biolog Microstation™ System were Gram positive and contained endospores, and 30 of these were positively identified as Bacillus spp. Further testing of 15 isolates that were effective biocontrol agents identified 7 as Bacillus subtilis on the basis of 15 microbiological tests used for determining species within the genus Bacillus.Key words: endophytic, bacteria, biocontrol, postharvest.

scholarly journals Incidence, Speciation, and Morpho-Genetic Diversity of Penicillium spp. Causing Blue Mold of Stored Pome Fruits in Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1019
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Žebeljan ◽  
Nataša Duduk ◽  
Nina Vučković ◽  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Ivana Vico
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Blue mold, caused by Penicillium spp., is one of the most economically important postharvest diseases of pome fruits, globally. Pome fruits, in particular apple, is the most widely grown pome fruit in Serbia, and the distribution of Penicillium spp. responsible for postharvest decay is unknown. A two-year survey was conducted in 2014 and 2015, where four pome fruits (apple, pear, quince, and medlar) with blue mold symptoms were collected from 20 storage locations throughout Serbia. Detailed morphological characterization, analysis of virulence in three apple cultivars, and multilocus phylogeny revealed three main Penicillium spp. in order of abundance: P. expansum, P. crustosum, and P. solitum. Interestingly, P. expansum split into two distinct clades with strong statistical support that coincided with several morphological observations. Findings from this study are significant and showed previously undocumented diversity in blue mold fungi responsible for postharvest decay including the first finding of P. crustosum, and P. solitum as postharvest pathogens of quince and P. crustosum of medlar fruit in the world, and P. expansum of quince in Serbia. Data from this study provide timely information regarding phenotypic, morphological and genotypic plasticity in P. expansum that will impact the design of species-specific detection tools and guide the development of blue mold management strategies.

scholarly journals Cinnamon Oil Inhibits Penicillium expansum Growth by Disturbing the Carbohydrate Metabolic Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Tongfei Lai ◽  
Yangying Sun ◽  
Yaoyao Liu ◽  
Ran Li ◽  
Yuanzhi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Metabolic Process ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Regulatory Enzymes ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Penicillium expansum is a major postharvest pathogen that mainly threatens the global pome fruit industry and causes great economic losses annually. In the present study, the antifungal effects and potential mechanism of cinnamon oil against P. expansum were investigated. Results indicated that 0.25 mg L−1 cinnamon oil could efficiently inhibit the spore germination, conidial production, mycelial accumulation, and expansion of P. expansum. In addition, it could effectively control blue mold rots induced by P. expansum in apples. Cinnamon oil could also reduce the expression of genes involved in patulin biosynthesis. Through a proteomic quantitative analysis, a total of 146 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) involved in the carbohydrate metabolic process, most of which were down-regulated, were noticed for their large number and functional significance. Meanwhile, the expressions of 14 candidate genes corresponding to DEPs and the activities of six key regulatory enzymes (involving in cellulose hydrolyzation, Krebs circle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway) showed a similar trend in protein levels. In addition, extracellular carbohydrate consumption, intracellular carbohydrate accumulation, and ATP production of P. expansum under cinnamon oil stress were significantly decreased. Basing on the correlated and mutually authenticated results, we speculated that disturbing the fungal carbohydrate metabolic process would be partly responsible for the inhibitory effects of cinnamon oil on P. expansum growth. The findings would provide new insights into the antimicrobial mode of cinnamon oil.

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