Hypnagogic Hallucinations and Sleep Paralysis

Narcolepsy ◽  
2008 ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando D’Agostino ◽  
Ivan Limosani
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Narcolepsy: Differential Diagnosis or Etiology in Some Cases of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia?

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Douglass
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Psychotic Features ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractDoes narcolepsy, a neurological disease, need to be considered when diagnosing major mental illness? Clinicians have reported cases of narcolepsy with prominent hypnagogic hallucinations that were mistakenly diagnosed as schizophrenia. In some bipolar disorder patients with narcolepsy, the HH resulted in their receiving a more severe diagnosis (ie, bipolar disorder with psychotic features or schizoaffective disorder). The role of narcolepsy in psychiatric patients has remained obscure and problematic, and it may be more prevalent than commonly believed. Classical narcolepsy patients display the clinical “tetrad”—cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, daytime sleep attacks, and sleep paralysis. Over 85% also display the human leukocyte antigen marker DQB10602 (subset of DQ6). Since 1998, discoveries in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology have greatly advanced the understanding of narcolepsy, which involves a nearly total loss of the recently discovered orexin/hypocretin (hypocretin) neurons of the hypothalamus, likely by an autoimmune mechanism. Hypocretin neurons normally supply excitatory signals to brainstem nuclei producing norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and dopamine, with resultant suppression of sleep. They also project to basal forebrain areas and cortex. A literature review regarding the differential diagnosis of narcolepsy, affective disorder, and schizophrenia is presented. Furthermore, it is now possible to rule out classical narcolepsy in difficult psychiatric cases. Surprisingly, psychotic patients with narcolepsy will likely require stimulants to fully recover. Many conventional antipsychotic drugs would worsen their symptoms and make them appear to become a “chronic psychotic,” while in fact they can now be properly diagnosed and treated.

Neurology and Sleep Research

1971 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Broughton
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Sleep Research ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accidents ◽  
Therapeutic Relevance ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

This brief review documents some of the important contributions of recent sleep research to the understanding of a number of neurological conditions. Narcoleptic attacks have been shown to be either episodes of NREM or REM sleep; and cataplexy, sleep paralysis and vivid hypnagogic hallucinations consist of dissociated or inappropriate REM sleep. Important relationships of the hypersomnias and various comas to sleep mechanisms are being increasingly elucidated. Various types of epileptic seizures have been found to be affected differentially by the two types of sleep and by arousal from them; and sleep deprivation may activate or perpetuate epilepsy. Finally, some miscellaneous conditions, such as dyskinesias, cerebrovascular accidents, migraine, and memory and repair functions have been considered. As well as being of pathophysiological interest, much of this new knowledge has a direct diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.

scholarly journals What do we know about sleep paralysis?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-184
Author(s):  
Paulina Wróbel-Knybel ◽  
Michał Flis ◽  
Rafał Dubiel ◽  
Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Somatic Complaints ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Somatic Disorders ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Summary Introduction: Sleep paralysis (SP) is a condition that widely occurs among people all over the world. It has been known for thousands of years and is rooted in the culture of many countries. It arouses strong emotions, though still little is known about it. The clinical picture of the disorder can be very diverse. It is often accompanied by hypnopompic and hypnagogic hallucinations, somatic complaints and the feeling of intense anxiety. A feeling of paralysis in the body with inhibited consciousness is always observed with the experience. SP pathophysiology is not fully understood, however, most theories explaining this phenomenon are based on the assumption that it results from dysfunctional overlap of REM sleep and wakefulness. It is experienced by healthy people, but it is more often associated with somatic and mental disorders, which is why it is becoming an object of interest for researchers. Aim: The aim of this work is to present the most important information about the disorder known as sleep paralysis - its history, cultural context, pathophysiology, prevalence, symptomatology, coexistence with other somatic and mental disorders as well as diagnostics and available forms of prevention and treatment. Materials and methodology: The available literature was reviewed using the Google Scholar bibliographic databases searching the following keywords: sleep paralysis, REM sleep parasomnias, sleep disorder, night terrors and time descriptors: 1980-2018. Results 1. Sleep paralysis has already been described in antiquity, and interpretations related to its occurrence are largely dependent on culture and beliefs. 2. Symptomatology of the disorder is very diverse: both mental and somatic symptoms are present. 3. The pathophysiology of the disorder has not been fully explained. The basis of most theories regarding sleep paralysis is the assumption that it results from the dysfunctional overlap of REM sleep and wakefulness. 4. The prevalence of SP at least once in a lifetime is 7.6% in the general population, although it is estimated that it is much more frequent in people with various mental and somatic disorders. 5. Treatment of SP is associated with a change in lifestyle and the use of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.

scholarly journals HLA and sleep parameter associations in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1 patients and first-degree relatives

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde T Juvodden ◽  
Marte K Viken ◽  
Sebjørg E H Nordstrand ◽  
Rannveig Viste ◽  
Lars T Westlye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Hla Alleles ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Similar Disease ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Abstract Study Objectives To explore HLA (human leukocyte antigen) in post-H1N1 narcolepsy type 1 patients (NT1), first-degree relatives and healthy controls, and assess HLA associations with clinical and sleep parameters in patients and first-degree relatives. Methods Ninety post-H1N1 NT1 patients and 202 of their first-degree relatives were HLA-genotyped (next generation sequencing) and phenotyped (semistructured interviews, Stanford Sleep Questionnaire, polysomnography, and multiple sleep latency test). HLA allele distributions were compared between DQB1*06:02-heterozygous individuals (77 patients, 59 parents, 1230 controls). A subsample (74 patients, 114 relatives) was investigated for associations between HLA-loci and continuous sleep variables using logistic regression. Identified candidate HLA-loci were explored for HLA allele associations with hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis in 90 patients, and patient allele findings were checked for similar associations in 202 relatives. Results DQB1*06:02 heterozygous post-H1N1 NT1 patients (84.4% H1N1-vaccinated) showed several significant HLA associations similar to those reported previously in samples of mainly sporadic NT1, i.e. DQB1*03:01, DRB1*04:01, DRB1*04:02, DRB1*04:07, DRB1*11:04, A*25:01, B*35:03, and B*51:01, and novel associations, i.e. B*14:02, C*01:02, and C*07:01. Parents HLA alleles did not deviate significantly from controls. The HLA-C locus was associated with sleep parameters in patients and relatives. In patients C*02:02 seems to be associated with protective effects against sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations. Conclusions Our findings of similar risk/protective HLA-alleles in post-H1N1 as in previous studies of mainly sporadic narcolepsy support similar disease mechanisms. We also report novel allelic associations. Associations between HLA-C and sleep parameters were seen independent of NT1 diagnosis, supporting involvement of HLA-C in sleep subphenotypes.

Treatment of narcolepsy: A rare disease of unknown etiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín M. Campos ◽  
Claudia Molina
Keyword(s):  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Short Review ◽  
European Population ◽  
Sodium Oxybate ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Main Symptom ◽  
Diagnostic Difficulties ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Background: Narcolepsy, also known as Gélineau syndrome, is a chronic and neurological disease that affects 0.05% of the European population, though that percentage could be higher due to the diagnostic difficulties. The main symptom is excessive daytime sleepiness, although it may be accompanied by cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations. Objective: Nowadays, there is no cure for narcolepsy and the treatment is symptomatic: psychostimulants for the sleepiness by means of amphetamines, methylphenidate or modafinil, and antidepressants and sodium oxybate for treating cataplexy. Method: This is a short review regarding pharmacotherapy for narcolepsy. Result: Hypocretins were discovered in 1998. They are neuropeptides whose deficit is responsible for this symptomatology, has opened up a new field of investigation. Conclusion: Agonists of hypocretins could be a promising therapy against this disease.

scholarly journals Life Effects of Narcolepsy in 180 Patients from North America, Asia and Europe Compared to Matched Controls

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Broughton ◽  
Quais Ghanem ◽  
Yasuo Hishikawa ◽  
Yoshiro Sugita ◽  
Sonia Nevsimalova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Disability Insurance ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Daytime Drowsiness ◽  
Earning Capacity ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Visual Problems ◽  
Home Accidents ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations ◽  
European Populations

SUMMARY:A questionnaire survey has been made of the life effects of narcolepsy in 180 patients, 60 each from North American, Asian and European populations, with 180 similarly distributed age and sex matched controls. Life-effects were attributed by the patients to the primary symptoms of excessive daytime drowsiness, sleep attacks, cataplexy, vivid hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis, and also to other frequent symptoms such as visual problems (blurring, diplopia) and memory impairment. Occupational problems were prevalent (over 75%) and included statistically significant deleterious effects upon performance, promotion, earning capacity, fear of or actual job loss and increased disability insurance. Driving was greatly affected and patients fell asleep at the wheel more frequently (66%), had near or actual accidents from drowsiness or falling asleep at the wheel (67%), and could experience cataplexy (29%) or sleep paralysis (12%) while driving. Work or home accidents attributed to sleepiness or sleep (49%) or related to smoking (49%) were much more common in patients. There were also deleterious effects on education, recreation and personality related to the disease. Narcolepsy can produce a variety of life-effects probably more serious and pervasive than, for instance, those of epilepsy, therefore emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

Hallucinations and sleep

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (S3) ◽  
pp. 584-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-F. Vecchierini
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
Secondary Symptom ◽  
Behavioural Symptoms ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Few epidemiological studies have explored hallucinations’ prevalence and types in the general population. Ohayon et al. [1] have emphasized the high prevalence of hypnagogic and/or hypnopompic hallucinations present respectively in 37 and 12.5% of the 4972 subjects. The rate of hypnagogic hallucinations was related to age. Women were more likely to report such hallucinations. The most frequent type of hallucinations was unexpected, that is kinesthesic (feeling of falling in an abyss) but all types of hallucinations could be present. These hallucinations had no relationship to a specific pathology in more than 50% of the cases but were exclusively present at nighttime. In old age, visual hallucinations are the most frequent. In a cohort of old non-demented subjects, 17.4% of them had hallucinations and behavioural symptoms (anxious agitation or/and irritability).Several neurological pathologies included sleep disorders and hallucinations. Narcolepsy and Parkinson disease (P.D.) will be only considered here. In narcolepsy, with or without cataplexy, hallucinations are now called “secondary” symptom, as they are incidental, reported in 35 to 66% of the patients.Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations are most often visual but all types have been described, formed, without whole scenes but terrifying the patient who is often implicated in it and sometimes associated with sleep paralysis, especially during daytime when sleep occurs in REM. Are they pieces of dream? These hallucinations can be differentiated on a phenomenological basis from hallucinations in healthy subjects and from hallucinations in schizophrenia [2]. They have also some differences with hallucinations observed in P.D. [3].In P.D. hallucinations affected 25% of the patients in long duration disease. They are mainly visual, or with sensation of a presence (person or animal), coexisting with delusions and anxiety. They are rarely only a side- effect of dopaminergic treatment but are often linked to daytime sleepiness with REM sleep attacks, described in this disease and to cognitive impairment.

Alcohol and Narcolepsy

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (541) ◽  
pp. 705-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Goodwin ◽  
Frank Freemon ◽  
Benjamin M. Ianzito ◽  
Ekkehard Othmer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Studies ◽  
Transient Loss ◽  
Abnormal Sleep ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Narcolepsy is a syndrome characterized by recurrent sleep attacks and one or more of the following symptoms: cataplexy (transient loss of muscle tone), sleep paralysis (inability to move in the transition between sleep and arousal), and hypnagogic hallucinations (Sours, 1963). Polygraphic sleep studies indicate that narcoleptics have an abnormal sleep record. Normally, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is preceded by 90 to 100 minutes of non-REM sleep, whereas narcoleptics often have an REM-period at the onset of sleep (Hishikawa and Kaneki, 1965; Rechtschaffen et al., 1963).

The Treatment of Narcolepsy and Cataplexy

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Keith Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Drug Dose ◽  
Family Counseling ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Nocturnal Sleep ◽  
Automatic Behavior ◽  
Satisfactory Treatment ◽  
Drug Regimens ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
Special Responsibility ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Narcolepsy may affect as many as 250 000 Americans. It involves a neurologic defect in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The chief symptoms are sleepiness, inappropriate sleep episodes, and cataplexy. Narcoleptic patients also frequently complain of hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and automatic behavior, as well as disturbed nocturnal sleep. Narcolepsy usually develops in adolescence and is a life-long illness. Satisfactory treatment is not available at the present time. The current treatments of choice include general measures (such as patient and family counseling and frequent napping) and drug treatments, including methylphenidate for sleepiness and sleep episodes and imipramine for cataplexy. Medication dosages must be adjusted for individual patients. Pharmacists have a special responsibility to monitor narcoleptic patients by becoming familiar with the disease and its symptoms and by encouraging patients to follow their drug regimens and to take drug holidays under the supervision of the physician when the drug dose becomes excessive.

scholarly journals 0427 Bicuculine Increased the Cataplexy in the Male Taiep Rats: An Animal Model of Narcolepsy with an Inherent Tubulopathy

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A163-A164
Author(s):  
C Cortes ◽  
J R Eguibar ◽  
J M Ibarra-Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Sodium Oxybate ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sleep Paralysis ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Gaba Antagonist ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
Hypnagogic Hallucinations

Abstract Introduction Narcolepsy is a hypersomnolence that is characterized by sleep fragmentation, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations and cataplexy that is characterized by atonia induced by strong emotions. The amygdala is the trigger for cataplexy through GABAergic mechanisms. Taiep is a myelin mutant with TUBB4A tubulopathy which showed spontaneous episodes of atonia or induced by manipulations from the tail or the thorax. EEG recordings during immobility episodes (IE′s) had a cerebral cortex desynchronized associated to theta rhythm in the hippocampus. The aim of this sturdy was to analyze the effects of bicuculine administration on IE′s and sleep-wake pattern on adult male taiep rats. Methods We used 6 taiep male rats at 9 months of age. The subjects (Ss) lived in individual acrylic cages with water and food pellets available ad libitum, under a 12:12 light-dark cycle (lights on at 0700), with controlled temperature and humidity recording room. All Ss were implanted to record EEG, EMG and EOG to characterize EI′s. We evaluated a basal 24 h EEG recording and then after bicuculine i.p. administration of 0.5, 1 y 1.5 mg/Kg every 48h. We measured the number, mean duration and latency to the first IE′s. Results The duration of IE′s increased 527% with 1 mg/Kg and reach 700% with 1.5 mg/Kg of bicuculine (P<0.01) with respect to saline-treated control group. Importantly, the frequency of IEs did not differ among the groups and did not affect the number of awake, slow wave or rapid eye movements sleep phases. Conclusion Bicuculine, a specific GABA antagonist, modify the duration of IES but not their frequency supporting a role of GABAergic mechanism on IE′s. It is relevant because sodium oxybate, an indirect GABA agonist, reduced cataplexy and improved sleep quality on narcoleptic patients. Support CONACYT grants 243333 and 243247 to CC and JRE, respectively and from VIEP-BUAP 2019 to CA in Neuroendocrinología BUAP-CA-288.

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