Analysis of Covariance

1992 ◽  
pp. 339-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold R. Lindman
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Covariance

Effects of a 6-Week Straw Phonation in Water Exercise Program on the Aging Voice

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1018-1032
Author(s):  
Chia-Hsin Wu ◽  
Roger W. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Aging Voice ◽  
Before And After

Purpose Semi-occluded vocal tract (SOVT) exercises with tubes or straws have been widely used for a variety of voice disorders. Yet, the effects of longer periods of SOVT exercises (lasting for weeks) on the aging voice are not well understood. This study investigated the effects of a 6-week straw phonation in water (SPW) exercise program. Method Thirty-seven elderly subjects with self-perceived voice problems were assigned into two groups: (a) SPW exercises with six weekly sessions and home practice (experimental group) and (b) vocal hygiene education (control group). Before and after intervention (2 weeks after the completion of the exercise program), acoustic analysis, auditory–perceptual evaluation, and self-assessment of vocal impairment were conducted. Results Analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the two groups in smoothed cepstral peak prominence measures, harmonics-to-noise ratio, the auditory–perceptual parameter of breathiness, and Voice Handicap Index-10 scores postintervention. No significant differences between the two groups were found for other measures. Conclusions Our results supported the positive effects of SOVT exercises for the aging voice, with a 6-week SPW exercise program being a clinical option. Future studies should involve long-term follow-up and additional outcome measures to better understand the efficacy of SOVT exercises, particularly SPW exercises, for the aging voice.

Exploring Particular Facets of Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Their Relationships With Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescents

Crisis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Madjar ◽  
Nicole Segal ◽  
Gilad Eger ◽  
Gal Shoval
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Cognitive Emotion Regulation ◽  
School Students ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Nonsuicidal Self Injury

Abstract. Background: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been found to be associated with poor emotion regulation. Aims: The goal of this study was to examine the association of multidimensional cognitive emotion regulation strategies with NSSI among adolescents and compare the different patterns of NSSI. Method: A sample of 594 high-school students (54.4% boys; mean age = 14.96 years), from five regional schools across Israel, were assessed for five facets of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (acceptance, refocus on planning, positive refocusing, putting into perspective, and positive reappraisal) and NSSI behaviors using validated scales. Participants were allocated into three groups: repetitive NSSI (more than six occasions of NSSI; 7.1%), occasional NSSI (at least one incident but less than six; 8.3%), and no NSSI (84.6%). Results: Analysis of covariance, controlling for gender and depression symptoms, revealed that students with NSSI reported higher levels of acceptance, but lower levels of refocus on planning and putting into perspective. Limitations: The study used a cross-sectional design, which was a limitation. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that particular cognitive emotion regulation strategies differ substantially in their relationship with NSSI. Adolescents who focus on planning and putting stressful situations into perspective may have increased resilience, whereas adolescents who are accepting of negative events that have happened may be more prone to maladaptive coping behaviors.

Influence of General and Crystallized Intelligence on Vocabulary Test Performance

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Ullstadius ◽  
Jan-Eric Gustafsson ◽  
Berit Carlstedt
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Verbal Ability ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Vocabulary Test ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
General Ability

Summary: Vocabulary tests, part of most test batteries of general intellectual ability, measure both verbal and general ability. Newly developed techniques for confirmatory factor analysis of dichotomous variables make it possible to analyze the influence of different abilities on the performance on each item. In the testing procedure of the Computerized Swedish Enlistment test battery, eight different subtests of a new vocabulary test were given randomly to subsamples of a representative sample of 18-year-old male conscripts (N = 9001). Three central dimensions of a hierarchical model of intellectual abilities, general (G), verbal (Gc'), and spatial ability (Gv') were estimated under different assumptions of the nature of the data. In addition to an ordinary analysis of covariance matrices, assuming linearity of relations, the item variables were treated as categorical variables in the Mplus program. All eight subtests fit the hierarchical model, and the items were found to load about equally on G and Gc'. The results also indicate that if nonlinearity is not taken into account, the G loadings for the easy items are underestimated. These items, moreover, appear to be better measures of G than the difficult ones. The practical utility of the outcome for item selection and the theoretical implications for the question of the origin of verbal ability are discussed.

The Effects of Age, Gene Source and Familial Severity on Factor VIII in Normals and Haemophilia Carriers: Analysis by Multiple Regression

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (03) ◽  
pp. 722-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce M Duncan ◽  
Lynn J Tunbridge ◽  
John V Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Severe Haemophilia ◽  
Factor Viii Related Antigen ◽  
Defective Gene ◽  
Coagulant Activity

SummaryThere are conflicting views on the effects of age, gene source and familial severity on levels of factor VIII in carriers of haemophilia. Different workers have found that factor VIII increases with age, is higher in paternal carriers, and is higher in carriers from families with more severe haemophilia. Other workers have disagreed with these findings. In this study we explored some of the causes of this conflict. We measured factor VIII related antigen and factor VIII coagulant activity on 40 normal females and 48 carriers, and analysed the results by multiple regression and analysis of covariance. Our results indicated that both factor VIII coagulant activity and factor VIII related antigen increased with age, but were unaffected by the familial severity of haemophilia or whether the defective gene came from the mother or the father. We found that the conflicting reports of previous authors were due to high inter-correlations of the studied variables.

The effectiveness of positive training on happiness, aggression and hope in adolescents with leukemia in Ahvaz

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzieh . Shamkhani ◽  
Ali . Khalafi
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Aggression Questionnaire ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Period Measurement

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of positive learning on happiness, Aggression and hope for adolescents with leukemia in Ahvaz. The sample consisted of 30 people who were selected by available sampling method. 15 subjects in the experimental group and 15 in the control group were randomly assigned. The experimental design was a pre-test-post-test type with control group and follow-up period. Measurement tools included Oxford Happiness Inventory (Argyle, 1989); Ahwaz's Aggression Questionnaire (Zahedifar, Najarian, and Shokrkon, 2000); Hope Scale (Schneider, 1991). To run, at first, the pre-test was taken from both groups. Then, the experimental group was trained in 14 sessions of 90 minutes, and after each group, they were subjected to post-test. And one month later, the follow-up process was completed. Data analysis was performed using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed that positive attitudes toward happiness, aggressiveness and hopefulness of adolescents with leukemia in Ahvaz were effective.

PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN INOVATIF TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR BAHASA INGGRIS SISWA KELAS VIIIB1 SMP NEGERI 2 GEROKGAK DENGAN PENGENDALIAN KECERDASAN LINGUISTIK

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
I Made Wirta
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Innovative Learning ◽  
Inferential Analysis ◽  
English Students

The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of implementing innovative learning approaches upon English students’ achievement. The study was quasi experimental study using the post-test only control group design involving 35 students altogether selected using census sampling technique. The instrument which is used to gather data in the study was test. There were two tests used to gather intended data. They were linguistic test and student achievement test. The obtained data were analyzed statistically using descriptive and inferential analysis. The analysis of covariance was conducted to test the hypotheses.

HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Risk-Taking Behaviours among Youths at a University in Enugu, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada C. Nwaneri ◽  
Okwudili Callistus Ezike ◽  
Agnes N. Anarado ◽  
Ifeoma Ndubisi ◽  
Jane-Lovena Onyia-Pat
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Risky Behaviours ◽  
Aids Knowledge ◽  
The University ◽  
Hiv Aids

 A national sentinel survey of 2006 shows that Enugu State in south-eastern Nigeria is the worst hit by HIV infections. Despite numerous control strategies having been implemented, the state was still reported by another national HIV sentinel survey in 2010 as the worst hit by HIV/AIDS within the zone, and that youths are the most affected. The researchers conducted a cross-sectional descriptive survey to assess the HIV/AIDS knowledge and risk-taking behaviours of youths at a federal university in Enugu, south-eastern Nigeria. They adopted a multistage sampling method to recruit 460 unmarried, consenting students between 15 and 30 years of age, from three faculties of the university. Almost 90 per cent of the university youths had a sound knowledge of key concepts related to HIV/AIDS; despite this, a subset (7.39%) still engaged in risk-taking behaviours. The major risky behaviours identified include having premarital sex, having multiple sexual partners, the sharing of shaving or razor blades, the use of public clippers and tribal marking. Although an analysis of variance demonstrated no significant relationship (t = −0.036) between university youths’ knowledge of HIV/AIDS and their related risk-taking behaviour, risky behaviours were found to be more (13%) among respondents who had insufficient or incorrect knowledge of the disease. An analysis of covariance, however, showed that gender and socio-economic backgrounds were not determinants of the HIV/AIDS risk-taking behaviours of these youths. Therefore, factors such as attitude or culture are areas that should be focused on, and should then, along with educational awareness campaigns, help to reduce the spread and prevalence of the disease.

Cytokine analysis in patients with different stages of thromboangiitis obliterans

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Shapouri-Moghaddam ◽  
Seyed Jalil Tavakkol Afshari ◽  
Mohammad-Hadi Saeed Modaghegh ◽  
Hamid Reza Rahimi ◽  
Mahmoud Mahmoudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Cold Sensitivity ◽  
Thromboangiitis Obliterans ◽  
Burning Pain ◽  
Cytokine Analysis

Background: Studies suggest that cytokines are involved in the development of both inflammatory disorders and vascular diseases. Objective: The changes in transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interferon γ (IFNγ) with the progression of the thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) symptomswereinvestigated in this research. Methods: This study included 80 patients with TAO, who were selected from the Vascular and Endovascular Research Center in Alavi Hospital between 2012 and 2016. They were then categorized into three groups: mild (migratory thrombophlebitis, cold sensitivity or Raynaud's phenomenon, and skin discoloration), moderate (chronic ulcers, claudication, and burning pain of the feet at night), and severe (pain at rest and spontaneous gangrene) symptoms. The serum levels of TGFβ, IL6, TNFα, and IFNγwere determinedby the ELISA method and compared among the groups. Results: The first three predominant symptoms were pulse disorder (n = 76, 95.00%), cold intolerance (n = 61, 76.25%), and claudication (n = 59, 73.75%). A comparison of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that both TGFβ and IL6 were dysregulatedas the severity of the symptoms increased from the moderate to the severe stages; however, such changes were not significant(p > 0.05). In the multiple logistic regression model, increased TNFαlevelswere seen in the presence of the moderatesymptoms as compared to the severe ones (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded that TNFα, as part of the defining cytokine-production profile of Thelper cells, can be significantly involved in the progression of TAO from the moderate to the severe stages.

P1583UTILITY OF THE GLOBAL LEADERSHIP INITIATIVE ON MALNUTRITION CRITERIA FOR THE DETECTION OF MALNUTRITION AND DECLINE IN PHYSICAL FUNCTION AND ADL IN JAPANESE AMBULATORY HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruka Ito ◽  
Shohei Yamamoto ◽  
Manae Harada ◽  
Takaaki Watanabe ◽  
Yuta Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Function ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Global Leadership ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Calf Circumference ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Cumulative Score

Abstract Background and Aims In patients who undergo hemodialysis (HD), malnutrition is a frequent complication associated with higher risk of death, extended hospital stay, physical limitation, and decline of activities of daily living (ADL). Therefore, proper assessment for malnutrition in this population is important for effective disease management. The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) released new criteria for diagnosing and grading malnutrition. Nevertheless, only very few studies have investigated malnutrition prevalence on the basis of the GLIM criteria in hemodialysis patients. Hence, the usefulness of the GLIM criteria’s application in hemodialysis patients remains unclear. The aims of this study were (1) to examine whether malnutrition diagnosed on the basis of the GLIM criteria will produce equivalent results with that diagnosed with the use of existing nutritional indicators and (2) to evaluate the association between the GLIM criteria and decline of physical function and ADL in Japanese patients on HD. Method This cross-sectional study included a total of 185 outpatients who undergo HD three times a week. We measured the existing nutritional indicators (GNRI, MNA-SF, phase angle, mid-arm muscle circumference, and calf circumference), physical function (Fried Scale, handgrip strength, usual gait speed, Short Physical Performance Battery, and physical activity), and ADL status (cumulative score of Barthel Index and instrumental ADL). On the basis of the GLIM criteria, the patients were classified into two groups (no malnutrition and malnutrition). In addition, in case of nutritional risk, nutritional assessment was performed by evaluation of the phenotypic (unintentional weight loss, low BMI, and/or reduced muscle mass) and etiologic (reduced intake or assimilation and/or inflammatory response) factors. Malnutrition was diagnosed if a patient has one or more of these items. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to examine the association between the GLIM criteria and existing nutritional indicators, physical function, and ADL status. Results Malnutrition was diagnosed in 41.1% of the participants based on the GLIM criteria. In contrast, on the basis of the existing nutritional indicators (GNRI, MNA-SF, phase angle, mid-arm muscle circumference, and calf circumference), malnutrition was diagnosed in 22.2%, 58.3%, 48.6%, 57.9%, and 54.6%, respectively. The ANCOVA results, adjusted for the patient’s characteristics, revealed that the malnutrition group had significantly lower score than the non-malnutrition group in the existing nutritional indicators (all P &lt; 0.001) (Figure). Furthermore, the malnutrition group had significantly higher Fried Scale scores, lower handgrip strength results, and lower ADL status than the non-malnutrition group, even after potential confounder adjustment (all P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion The GLIM criteria could be one of the useful tools for screening the risk of malnutrition, frailty, lower handgrip strength, and lower ADL status in patients who undergo HD.

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