Design Principles of the Fian Cross-Type Wide-Range Telescope

1966 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Vitkevich ◽  
P. D. Kalachev
Keyword(s):  
Design Principles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cross Type

Bioinspired Materials Design: An Assessment of Methods to Improve a Text Mining Algorithm for Identifying Biological Material Structural Design Principles

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Tsenn ◽  
Julie S. Linsey ◽  
Daniel A. McAdams
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Biological Materials ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Mining Algorithm ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bioinspired Materials ◽  
Future Work

Natural materials are able to achieve a wide range and combination of properties through the arrangement of the material’s components. These biological materials are often more effective and better suited to their function than engineered materials, even with the use of a limited set of components. By mimicking a biological material’s component arrangement, or structure, man-made bioinspired materials can achieve improved properties as well. While considerable research has been conducted on biological materials, identifying the beneficial structural design principles can be time-intensive for a materials designer. Previously, a text mining algorithm and tool were developed to quickly extract passages describing property-specific structural design principles from a corpus of materials journals. Although the tool identified over 90% of the principles (recall), many irrelevant passages were returned as well with approximately 32% of the passages being useful (precision). This paper discusses approaches to refine the program in order to improve precision. The text classification techniques of machine learning classifiers, statistical features, and part-of-speech analyses, are evaluated for effectiveness in sorting passages into relevant and irrelevant classes. Manual identification of patterns in the returned passages is also employed to create a rule-based method, resulting in an updated algorithm. An evaluation comparing the revised algorithm to the previously developed algorithm is completed using a new set of journal articles. Although the revised algorithm’s recall was reduced to 80%, the precision increased to 45% and the number of returned passages was reduced by 22%, allowing a materials designer to more quickly identify potentially useful structures. The paper concludes with suggestions to improve the program’s usefulness and scope for future work.

scholarly journals Developing a Pedagogical Framework and Design Principles for STEM Learning Environment Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Tiina Mäkelä ◽  
Kristof Fenyvesi ◽  
Matias Mäki-Kuutti
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Environment Design ◽  
Stem Learning ◽  
Total N ◽  
School Directors ◽  
Stakeholder Groups ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pedagogical Framework

The need for effective and attractive learning environments (LEs) for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) has been internationally recognized. Additionally, the connection between STEM learning and cross-curricular skills such as creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship has garnered attention. A deep theoretical and empirical understanding is required when designing STEM LEs. In this study, a pedagogical framework for STEM LEs has been developed based on feedback from students, aged 10–18 years old, teachers, school directors, parents, and STEM professionals, and supported by the literature. First, representatives of key stakeholder groups in Belarus, Finland, Germany, Greece, and Spain (total n = 132) were invited to co-design focus group (FG) 1 sessions to collect their wishes related to STEM LEs. The data was collected through an online survey with open-ended questions. The analysis of the data led to the design of the pedagogical framework, which was validated by the same stakeholder groups (total n = 137) in FG2 discussions. The empirically and theoretically grounded framework entails general design principles as well as principles related to ways of teaching and learning, socio-emotional aspects, and cross-curricular skills. Both the results of this study and the previous literature suggest that different pedagogical design principles are highly interrelated. For instance, novel tools and methods, collaborative methods, reflective learning, and entrepreneurial skills may support creativity and innovation, and vice versa. Therefore, instead of focusing on singular design principles, we recommend considering a wide range of different LE design principles to support multiple ways of teaching and learning, and to develop both subject-related and cross-curricular knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, and ethics.

scholarly journals Local design principles at hippocampal synapses revealed by an energy-information trade-off

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurang Mahajan ◽  
Suhita Nadkarni
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Vesicle Release ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Release Probability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hippocampal Synapses

AbstractSynapses across different brain regions display distinct structure-function relationships. We investigate the interplay of fundamental design principles that shape the transmission properties of the excitatory CA3-CA1 pyramidal cell connection, a prototypic synapse for studying the mechanisms of learning in the hippocampus. This small synapse is characterized by probabilistic release of transmitter, which is markedly facilitated in response to naturally occurring trains of action potentials. Based on a physiologically realistic computational model of the CA3 presynaptic terminal, we show how unreliability and short-term dynamics of vesicle release work together to regulate the trade-off of information transfer versus energy use. We propose that individual CA3-CA1 synapses are designed to operate at close to maximum possible capacity of information transfer in an efficient manner. Experimental measurements reveal a wide range of vesicle release probabilities at hippocampal synapses, which may be a necessary consequence of long-term plasticity and homeostatic mechanisms that manifest as presynaptic modifications of release probability. We show that the timescales and magnitude of short-term plasticity render synaptic information transfer nearly independent of differences in release probability. Thus, individual synapses transmit optimally while maintaining a heterogeneous distribution of presynaptic strengths indicative of synaptically-encoded memory representations. Our results support the view that organizing principles that are evident on higher scales of neural organization percolate down to the design of an individual synapse.

scholarly journals From Movie to Design Interpretation of Passengers in the Form of Basic Design Principles

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Damla Atik
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Design Education ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Visual Composition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Visual Depiction ◽  
Teaching Learning

Design is a tough process in which knowledge, skill, awareness, sophistication, inspiration, time and creativity should be brought together efficiently within artistic and aesthetic approach. Design education involves observing, researching, thinking, interpretation, designing and producing processes concordantly. Due to its unusual formation; students face difficulties while transforming intangible concepts into tangible products in basic design courses. An encouraging and inspiring teaching-learning process is required in this unique course. Conventional basic design education is structured on teaching the design elements and principles that make up a visual composition. Basic design curriculums of different departments are correlated with various branches of art and present interpretation diversity within students’ applications and basic design studio experiences. It is aimed to make a contribution to the wide range of basic design course within a case study themed on cinema in this study. Regarding to experimental method and watching a movie, students designed three dimensional models representing their inferences. Interpretation diversity has been observed due to students' cognition, observation, ways of access to information and creativity. As a result, deductive thinking and visual depiction of the movie through basic design principles have resulted creative products and benefited students' teaching-learning process.

scholarly journals Stomatal design principles in synthetic and real leaves

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (124) ◽  
pp. 20160535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej A. Zwieniecki ◽  
Katrine S. Haaning ◽  
C. Kevin Boyce ◽  
Kaare H. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Gas Fluxes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Scientific Fields ◽  
Stomatal Patterning

Stomata are portals in plant leaves that control gas exchange for photosynthesis, a process fundamental to life on Earth. Gas fluxes and plant productivity depend on external factors such as light, water and CO 2 availability and on the geometrical properties of the stoma pores. The link between stoma geometry and environmental factors has informed a wide range of scientific fields—from agriculture to climate science, where observed variations in stoma size and density are used to infer prehistoric atmospheric CO 2 content. However, the physical mechanisms and design principles responsible for major trends in stomatal patterning are not well understood. Here, we use a combination of biomimetic experiments and theory to rationalize the observed changes in stoma geometry. We show that the observed correlations between stoma size and density are consistent with the hypothesis that plants favour efficient use of space and maximum control of dynamic gas conductivity, and that the capacity for gas exchange in plants has remained constant over at least the last 325 Myr. Our analysis provides a new measure to gauge the relative performance of species based on their stomatal characteristics.

scholarly journals Sustainable Streetscape Design Guideline based on Universal Design Principles

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 01003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bangun IR Harsritanto
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Universal Design ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Human Diversity ◽  
Design Guideline ◽  
Urban Public Space ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
User Friendly

People access the streets to fulfill their daily demands regardless of their gender, age, and abilities. The streetscape is an urban public space which built to facilitate the basic needs of people as social beings. Universal design accommodates the wide range of human diversity in physical appearance, perception, cognitive abilities, body sizes, and shapes. By designing for this diversity, the streetscapes are becoming more user friendly, functional and sustainable. The purpose of this study is to suggest streetscape design guideline based on universal design principles for giving proper directions of sustainable streets development. Literatures study and cases study were used as research methods. The findings indicated that the new guideline based on universal design can be suggested to streetscapes design directions on many countries.

scholarly journals From Movie to Design: Interpretation of “Passengers” in the Form of Basic Design Principles

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Damla Atik
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Design Education ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Visual Composition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Visual Depiction ◽  
Teaching Learning

Design is a tough process in which knowledge, skill, awareness, sophistication, inspiration, time and creativity should be brought together efficiently within artistic and aesthetic approach. Design education involves observing, researching, thinking, interpretation, designing and producing processes concordantly. Due to its unusual formation; students face difficulties while transforming intangible concepts into tangible products in basic design courses. An encouraging and inspiring teaching-learning process is required in this unique course. Conventional basic design education is structured on teaching the design elements and principles that make up a visual composition. Basic design curriculums of different departments are correlated with various branches of art and present interpretation diversity within students’ applications and basic design studio experiences. It is aimed to make a contribution to the wide range of basic design course within a case study themed on cinema in this study. Regarding to experimental method and watching a movie, students designed three dimensional models representing their inferences. Interpretation diversity has been observed due to students' cognition, observation, ways of access to information and creativity. As a result, deductive thinking and visual depiction of the movie through basic design principles have resulted creative products and benefited students' teaching-learning process.

Recent Applications of High Resolution Electron Microscopy to Crystalline Arrays of Virus Particles

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.W. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Diffraction ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Wide Range

The technique of surrounding virus particles with a neutralised electron dense stain was described at the Fourth International Congress on Electron Microscopy, Berlin 1958 (see Home & Brenner, 1960, p. 625). For many years the negative staining technique in one form or another, has been applied to a wide range of biological materials. However, the full potential of the method has only recently been explored following the development and applications of optical diffraction and computer image analytical techniques to electron micrographs (cf. De Hosier & Klug, 1968; Markham 1968; Crowther et al., 1970; Home & Markham, 1973; Klug & Berger, 1974; Crowther & Klug, 1975). These image processing procedures have allowed a more precise and quantitative approach to be made concerning the interpretation, measurement and reconstruction of repeating features in certain biological systems.

Microfabrication research at the National Submicron Facility

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
E.D. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
High Speed ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
New Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intermediate Domain ◽  
Circuit Function

Most microelectronics devices and circuits operate faster, consume less power, execute more functions and cost less per circuit function when the feature-sizes internal to the devices and circuits are made smaller. This is part of the stimulus for the Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program. There is also a need for smaller, more sensitive sensors in a wide range of disciplines that includes electrochemistry, neurophysiology and ultra-high pressure solid state research. There is often fundamental new science (and sometimes new technology) to be revealed (and used) when a basic parameter such as size is extended to new dimensions, as is evident at the two extremes of smallness and largeness, high energy particle physics and cosmology, respectively. However, there is also a very important intermediate domain of size that spans from the diameter of a small cluster of atoms up to near one micrometer which may also have just as profound effects on society as “big” physics.

Application of TEM to Deformation, Wear, and Fracture of Ceramics

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 472-473
Author(s):  
B. J. Hockey
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Brittle Materials ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Corrosive Environments ◽  
Further Development

Ceramics, such as Al2O3 and SiC have numerous current and potential uses in applications where high temperature strength, hardness, and wear resistance are required often in corrosive environments. These materials are, however, highly anisotropic and brittle, so that their mechanical behavior is often unpredictable. The further development of these materials will require a better understanding of the basic mechanisms controlling deformation, wear, and fracture.The purpose of this talk is to describe applications of TEM to the study of the deformation, wear, and fracture of Al2O3. Similar studies are currently being conducted on SiC and the techniques involved should be applicable to a wide range of hard, brittle materials.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document