Clinical Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs to Control the Immune Response

2008 ◽  
pp. 391-407
Author(s):  
John M. Vierling
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Clinical Use

scholarly journals Approach to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Woopen ◽  
Katharina Schleußner ◽  
Katja Akgün ◽  
Tjalf Ziemssen
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
Safety And Efficacy

For more than a year now, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic with high mortality and detrimental effects on society, economy, and individual lives. Great hopes are being placed on vaccination as one of the most potent escape strategies from the pandemic and multiple vaccines are already in clinical use. However, there is still a lot of insecurity about the safety and efficacy of vaccines in patients with autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), especially under treatment with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive drugs. We propose strategic approaches to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination management in MS patients and encourage fellow physicians to measure the immune response in their patients. Notably, both humoral and cellular responses should be considered since the immunological equivalent for protection from SARS-CoV-2 after infection or vaccination still remains undefined and will most likely involve antiviral cellular immunity. It is important to gain insights into the vaccine response of immunocompromised patients in order to be able to deduce sensible strategies for vaccination in the future.

scholarly journals Cannabis, the Endocannabinoid System and Immunity—the Journey from the Bedside to the Bench and Back

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osnat Almogi-Hazan ◽  
Reuven Or
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Regulatory Properties

The Cannabis plant contains numerous components, including cannabinoids and other active molecules. The phyto-cannabinoid activity is mediated by the endocannabinoid system. Cannabinoids affect the nervous system and play significant roles in the regulation of the immune system. While Cannabis is not yet registered as a drug, the potential of cannabinoid-based medicines for the treatment of various conditions has led many countries to authorize their clinical use. However, the data from basic and medical research dedicated to medical Cannabis is currently limited. A variety of pathological conditions involve dysregulation of the immune system. For example, in cancer, immune surveillance and cancer immuno-editing result in immune tolerance. On the other hand, in autoimmune diseases increased immune activity causes tissue damage. Immuno-modulating therapies can regulate the immune system and therefore the immune-regulatory properties of cannabinoids, suggest their use in the therapy of immune related disorders. In this contemporary review, we discuss the roles of the endocannabinoid system in immunity and explore the emerging data about the effects of cannabinoids on the immune response in different pathologies. In addition, we discuss the complexities of using cannabinoid-based treatments in each of these conditions.

Immunosuppressive drugs on inducing Ag-specific CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells during immune response in vivo

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Wu ◽  
Lianjun Zhang ◽  
Kerui Xu ◽  
Chenming Sun ◽  
Tong Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs

scholarly journals Awareness of Immunosuppressant Drugs among Dental Students - A Cross-sectional Survey

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-166
Author(s):  
B. Reshmi ◽  
Dhanraj Ganapathy ◽  
Ashok Velayudhan ◽  
Kirankumar Pandurangan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immunosuppressive Agents ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
System Response ◽  
Organ Transplants ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Chennai City

Drugs to suppress the human immune response in cases of organ transplants and autoimmune disorders have been used for more than half a century. Such agents are essential for treating patients who have received organ transplants or suffer from autoimmune diseases. The main drawback to the early immunosuppressive agents was their lack of specificity. As the understanding of immune system response at the cellular and molecular levels evolved, newer and more specific agents were developed that targeted particular components and elements of the immune response. While these newer immunosuppressive agents are not without potential adverse effects, their efficacy and safety have improved greatly when compared to earlier agents. Therapeutic guidance for the clinician is needed to handle those drugs. In dentistry, care should be taken for patients on immunosuppressive drugs. Hence knowledge about immunosuppressive drugs is needed to be known by the dental practitioners also to provide a proper treatment that benefits the patient. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional survey among 100 dental students pursuing the final year and internship in Chennai city. A self-assessed questionnaire containing 10 questions eliciting information about the knowledge of immunosuppressive drugs were framed. The responses obtained from the participants were compiled, processed further, and analyzed. Various studies were referred to gain more knowledge to improvise the study. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of students about immunosuppressant drugs.95.0% of the students knew about immunosuppressant drugs This study concluded that knowledge about immunosuppressive drugs is adequate. Dental awareness programs or lectures if arranged to address this concern may give additional knowledge and so as to ease their practices and pave more comfort for the patient.

scholarly journals The immunological impact of adenovirus early genes on vaccine-induced responses in mice and nonhuman primates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotou Sangare ◽  
Iskra Tuero ◽  
Mohammad Arif Rahman ◽  
Tanya Hoang ◽  
Leia K. Miller-Novak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Early Region ◽  
Early Genes ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
In Cells

Adenovirus (Ad) is being explored for use in the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases and cancers. Ad with a deletion in early region 3 (ΔE3) provokes a stronger immune response than Ad with deletions in early regions 1 and E3 (ΔE1/ΔE3). The ΔE1/ΔE3 Ads are more popular because they can carry a larger transgene and because of the deleted E1 (E1A and E1B), are perceived safer for clinical use. Ad with a deletion in E1B55K (ΔE1B55K) has been in phase III clinical trials for use in cancer therapy in the US and has been approved for use in head and neck tumor therapy in China, demonstrating that Ad containing E1A are safe for clinical use. We have shown previously that ΔE1B55K Ad, even while promoting lower levels of an inserted transgene, promoted similar levels of transgene-specific immune responses as a ΔE3 Ad. Products of the Ad early region 4 (E4) limit the ability of cells to mount an innate immune response. Using this knowledge, we deleted the Ad E4 open reading frames 1-4 (E4orf1-4) from the ΔE1B55K Ad. Here, we show that innate cytokine network genes are elevated in the ΔE4 Ad-infected cells beyond that of ΔE3 Ad-infected cells. Further, in immunized mice the IgG2a subclass was favored as was the IgG1 subclass in immunized nonhuman primates. Thus, Ad E4 impacts immune responses in cells, in immunized mice, and immunized nonhuman primates. These Ad may offer advantages that are beneficial for clinical use. Importance: Adenovirus (Ad) is being explored for use in the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases and cancers. Here we provide evidence in cells, mice, and nonhuman primates supporting the notion that Ad early gene-products limit specific immune responses. Ad constructed with deletions in early genes and expressing HIV envelope protein was shown to induce greater HIV-specific cellular immune responses and higher titer antibodies compared to the parental Ad with the early genes. In addition to eliciting enhanced immunity, the deleted Ad possesses more space for insertion of additional or larger transgenes needed for targeting other infectious agents or cancers.

Clinical Use of Immunosuppressive Drugs

Drugs ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lynn Gerber ◽  
A. D. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Clinical Use

scholarly journals The Role of Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) to Control Autoimmune Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Sumorejo Purwati ◽  
Lita D. Rahmawati ◽  
Dalimunthe Awalia ◽  
Fedik A. Rantam ◽  
Ugroseno Y. Bintoro
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Old Patients

There are 80 types of autoimmune diseases (ADs) with some of the same symptoms, but causes are still unclear. The major treatment of ADs is immunosuppressive drugs but these are not effective and associated with substantial toxicities. Stem cell has demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in halting destructive immune response and restoring the body to level of normal function by providing cellular level repair of damage, increasing blood flow, and reducing inflammation. Adipose tissue is one of the most potent and concentrated source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as an anti-inflammatory and tissue protecting agent which is promote healing and minimal invasive. This study conducted in 20 patients with ADs (11 women and 9 men) in various age between 22 to 70 years old. Patients treated with autologous adipose-derived MSCs implantation through catheterization. The laboratory analysis result of patients before and after MSCs application in 6 months were measured, include haemoglobin (Hb), leukocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), protein and blood levels in urine, high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP), C3 and C4 complement, anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA). MSCs are able to improve the performance of hemoglobin which statistically significant increased (p=0.002). MSCs are able to reduce the inflammatory as shown in the number of leukocytes (p=0.015) and ESR (p=0.031) which statistically significant decreased. MSCs can repair the renal function as shown in no presences of protein and blood in patient’s urine. MSCs are also able to augment the immune response as shown in hsCRP which statistically significant decreased (p<0.001), while C3 and C4 complements statistically significant increased (p<0.001). ANA and anti-dsDNA showed a negative result which means MSCs therapy may give a good response to heal the ADs.

scholarly journals A Comparison of the Clinical, Viral, Pathologic, and Immunologic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf F. Barth ◽  
L. Maximillian Buja ◽  
Alison L. Barth ◽  
David E. Carpenter ◽  
Anil V. Parwani
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Diffuse Alveolar Damage ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Clinical Considerations ◽  
Time Of Presentation ◽  
Cellular Components

Context.—The purpose of this review is to compare three coronavirus diseases: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, respectively. Objective.—To cover the following topics: clinical considerations, viral characteristics, pathology, immune response, pathogenesis, and the prognosis associated with each coronavirus human disease in humans. Data Sources.—Clinically, flu-like symptoms are usual at the time of presentation for all 3 diseases, but these vary from asymptomatic to severe multi-system involvement. The pathology associated with symptomatic SARS and COVID-19 has been well described, the most prominent of which is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). The immune response to each of these viruses is highly complex and includes both humoral and cellular components that can have a significant impact on prognosis. In severe cases of COVID-19, a dysregulated innate host immune system can initiate a hyperinflammatory syndrome dominated by endothelial dysfunction that can lead to a hypercoagulable state with microthrombi, resulting in a systemic micro- and macro-vascular disease. Conclusions.—The SARS and MERS epidemics have been limited, involving 7,500 and 2,500 individuals, respectively. In contrast, COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide pandemic with over 177 million cases and 3.9 million deaths as of June 15, 2021, and fatality rates ranging from &lt;0.1% to ~10% depending upon the country. Ending on a positive note, the development of a number of vaccines, at least six of which now are in clinical use, should mitigate and eventually control the devastating COVID-19 pandemic.

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