scholarly journals A Comparison of the Clinical, Viral, Pathologic, and Immunologic Features of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf F. Barth ◽  
L. Maximillian Buja ◽  
Alison L. Barth ◽  
David E. Carpenter ◽  
Anil V. Parwani
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Diffuse Alveolar Damage ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Clinical Considerations ◽  
Time Of Presentation ◽  
Cellular Components

Context.—The purpose of this review is to compare three coronavirus diseases: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, respectively. Objective.—To cover the following topics: clinical considerations, viral characteristics, pathology, immune response, pathogenesis, and the prognosis associated with each coronavirus human disease in humans. Data Sources.—Clinically, flu-like symptoms are usual at the time of presentation for all 3 diseases, but these vary from asymptomatic to severe multi-system involvement. The pathology associated with symptomatic SARS and COVID-19 has been well described, the most prominent of which is diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). The immune response to each of these viruses is highly complex and includes both humoral and cellular components that can have a significant impact on prognosis. In severe cases of COVID-19, a dysregulated innate host immune system can initiate a hyperinflammatory syndrome dominated by endothelial dysfunction that can lead to a hypercoagulable state with microthrombi, resulting in a systemic micro- and macro-vascular disease. Conclusions.—The SARS and MERS epidemics have been limited, involving 7,500 and 2,500 individuals, respectively. In contrast, COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide pandemic with over 177 million cases and 3.9 million deaths as of June 15, 2021, and fatality rates ranging from <0.1% to ~10% depending upon the country. Ending on a positive note, the development of a number of vaccines, at least six of which now are in clinical use, should mitigate and eventually control the devastating COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Comparison of Immune Response between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 Infection, Perspective on Vaccine Design and Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hossein Ansariniya ◽  
Seyed Mohammad Seifati ◽  
Erfan Zaker ◽  
Fateme Zare
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Vaccines

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are the three epidemiological diseases caused by the Coronaviridae family. Perceiving the immune responses in these infections and the escape of viruses could help us design drugs and vaccines for confronting these infections. This review investigates the innate and adaptive immune responses reported in the infections of the three coronaviruses SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Moreover, the present study can trigger researchers to design and develop new vaccines and drugs based on immune system responses. In conclusion, due to the need for an effective and efficient immune stimulation against coronavirus, a combination of several strategies seems necessary for developing the vaccine.

scholarly journals Origins and pathogenesis of Middle East respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus: recent advances

F1000Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Goldstein ◽  
Susan R. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
African Bats

Middle East respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has been a significant research focus since its discovery in 2012. Since 2012, 2,040 cases and 712 deaths have been recorded (as of August 11, 2017), representing a strikingly high case fatality rate of 36%. Over the last several years, MERS-CoV research has progressed in several parallel and complementary directions. This review will focus on three particular areas: the origins and evolution of MERS-CoV, the challenges and achievements in the development of MERS-CoV animal models, and our understanding of how novel proteins unique to MERS-CoV counter the host immune response. The origins of MERS-CoV, likely in African bats, are increasingly clear, although important questions remain about the establishment of dromedary camels as a reservoir seeding human outbreaks. Likewise, there have been important advances in the development of animal models, and both non-human primate and mouse models that seem to recapitulate human disease are now available. How MERS-CoV evades and inhibits the host innate immune response remains less clear. Although several studies have identified MERS-CoV proteins as innate immune antagonists, little of this work has been conducted using live virus under conditions of actual infection, but rather with ectopically expressed proteins. Accordingly, considerable space remains for major contributions to understanding unique ways in which MERS-CoV interacts with and modulates the host response. Collectively, these areas have seen significant advances over the last several years but continue to offer exciting opportunities for discovery.

scholarly journals Preclinical studies of immunogenity, protectivity, and safety of the combined vector vaccine for prevention of the middle east respiratory syndrome

Acta Naturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
Inna V. Dolzhikova ◽  
D. M. Grousova ◽  
O. V. Zubkova ◽  
A. I. Tukhvatulin ◽  
A. V. Kovyrshina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vector Vaccine ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune

The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an acute inflammatory disease of the respiratory system caused by the MERS-CoV coronavirus. The mortality rate for MERS is about 34.5%. Due to its high mortality rate, the lack of therapeutic and prophylactic agents, and the continuing threat of the spread of MERS beyond its current confines, developing a vaccine is a pressing task, because vaccination would help limit the spread of MERS and reduce its death toll. We have developed a combined vector vaccine for the prevention of MERS based on recombinant human adenovirus serotypes 26 and 5. Studies of its immunogenicity have shown that vaccination of animals (mice and primates) induces a robust humoral immune response that lasts for at least six months. Studies of the cellular immune response in mice after vaccination showed the emergence of a specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response. A study of the vaccine protectivity conducted in a model of transgenic mice carrying the human DPP4 receptor gene showed that our vaccination protected 100% of the animals from the lethal infection caused by the MERS-CoV virus (MERS-CoV EMC/2012, 100LD50 per mouse). Studies of the safety and tolerability of the developed vaccine in rodents, rabbits, and primates showed a good safety profile and tolerance in animals; they revealed no contraindications for clinical testing.

scholarly journals Does the novel coronavirus 2019 like heart more than the other family members of coronaviruses?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mostafa Ansari Ramandi ◽  
Mohammadreza Baay ◽  
Nasim Naderi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Coronavirus Infections

The disaster due to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world has made investigators enthusiastic about working on different aspects of COVID-19. However, although the pandemic of COVID-19 has not yet ended, it seems that COVID-19 compared to the other coronavirus infections (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome [MERS] and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome [SARS]) is more likely to target the heart. Comparing the previous presentations of the coronavirus family and the recent cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 can also help in predicting possible future challenges and taking measures to tackle these issues.

scholarly journals Penanggulangan Virus Covid – 19 melalui Penyaluran Handsanitizer dan Sabun Cuci Tangan Alami serta Penyemprotan Disenfektan di desa Ngale, Kecamatan Pilangkenceng, Kabupaten Madiun

Batoboh ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Reza Kusuma Setyansah
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Sars Coronavirus

Coronavirus merupakan keluarga besar virus yang menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia, biasanya menyebabkan penyakit infeksi saluran pernapasan, mulai flu biasa hingga penyakit yang serius seperti Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) dan Sindrom Pernafasan Akut Berat/ Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Coronavirus jenis baru yang ditemukan pada manusia sejak kejadian luar biasa muncul di Wuhan Cina, pada Desember 2019, kemudian diberi nama Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV2), dan menyebabkan penyakit Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Salah satu cara gampang melakukan pencegahan terhadap penyebaran virus ini adalah dengan menggunakan Handsanitizer alami. Menurut Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO), Handsanitizer alami harus mengandung setidaknya 60% alkohol untuk bekerja secara efektif. Selain handsanitizer, dengan melalukan metode penyemprotan disenfektan menggunakan cairan disenfektan. Disenfektan merupakan bahan kimia yang berguna untuk mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri ataupun jasad renik pada permukaan benda mati. Pelaksanaan pengabdian kepada masyarakat mengadakan penyaluran handsanitizer dan sabun cuci tangan alami serta penyemprotan disenfektan di desa Ngale sebagai upaya pencegahan Covid-19. Metode dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan ini yaitu wawancara dan diskusi bersama kepala desa Ngale. Kegiatan ini diharapkan mampu menumbuhkan kesadaran pada masyarakat akan pentingnya menjaga kebersihan, salah satunya menjaga kebersihan tangan serta dapat memutus mata rantai penyebaran Covid-19 di desa Ngale Kec Pilangkenceng Kab Madiun.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Need of the hour to revisit asymptomatic prevalence of coronavirus pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Richard Avoi ◽  
Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim ◽  
Mohammad Saffree Jeffree ◽  
Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients

  Since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic unfolded in China (Huang et al., 2020) back in December 2019, thus far, more than five million people were infected with the virus and 333,401 death were recorded worldwide (WHO, 2020b). The exponential increase in number shows that COVID-19 spreads faster compared to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). A study (Zou et al., 2020) has shown that high viral loads of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are detected in symptomatic patients soon after the onset of symptoms, wherein the load content is higher in their nose than in their throat. Furthermore, the same study has revealed similar viral loads between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Therefore, these findings may suggest the possibility of COVID-19 transmission earlier before the onset of symptoms itself. In the early stages of the pandemic, the control measures carried out have focused on screening of symptomatic person; at the time, the whole world thought that the spread of SARS-Cov-2 would only occur through symptomatic person-to-person transmission. In comparison, transmission in SARS would happen after the onset of illness, whereby the viral loads in the respiratory tract peaked around ten days after the development of symptoms by patients (Peiris et al., 2003). However, case detection for SARS (i.e. screening of symptomatic persons) will be grossly inadequate for the current COVID-19 pandemic, thus requiring different strategies to detect those infected with SARS-CoV-2 before they develop the symptoms.

A Review of the Virology of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Aldonna Maria Susngi ◽  
◽  
Clara Ermine Sawian
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Key Features

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a β-coronavirus, which also includes the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Emerging in December 2019 from Wuhan, China, it has spread worldwide resulting in a pandemic that has not ended till date. This review highlights some of the key features of the virology of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Infections in Pregnancy With COVID-19 and Other Respiratory RNA Virus Diseases Are Rarely, If Ever, Transmitted to the Fetus: Experiences With Coronaviruses, Parainfluenza, Metapneumovirus Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Influenza

2020 ◽  
Vol 144 (8) ◽  
pp. 920-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Schwartz ◽  
Amareen Dhaliwal
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Intrauterine Transmission ◽  
Fetal Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Maternal Fetal Transmission

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is similar to 2 other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), in causing life-threatening maternal respiratory infections and systemic complications. Because of global concern for potential intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from pregnant women to their infants, this report analyzes the effects on pregnancy of infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory RNA viruses, and examines the frequency of maternal-fetal transmission with SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza (HPIV), and metapneumovirus (hMPV). There have been no confirmed cases of intrauterine transmission reported with SARS-CoV-2 or any other coronaviruses—SARS and MERS. Influenza virus, despite causing approximately 1 billion annual infections globally, has only a few cases of confirmed or suspected intrauterine fetal infections reported. Respiratory syncytial virus is an unusual cause of illness among pregnant women, and with the exception of 1 premature infant with congenital pneumonia, no other cases of maternal-fetal infection are described. Parainfluenza virus and hMPV can produce symptomatic maternal infections but do not cause intrauterine fetal infection. In summary, it appears that the absence thus far of maternal-fetal transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the COVID-19 pandemic is similar to other coronaviruses, and is also consistent with the extreme rarity of suggested or confirmed cases of intrauterine transmission of other respiratory RNA viruses. This observation has important consequences for pregnant women because it appears that if intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2 does eventually occur, it will be a rare event. Potential mechanisms of fetal protection from maternal viral infections are also discussed.

Radiology Perspective of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Lessons From Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 214 (5) ◽  
pp. 1078-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melina Hosseiny ◽  
Soheil Kooraki ◽  
Ali Gholamrezanezhad ◽  
Sravanthi Reddy ◽  
Lee Myers
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Maoti Wei ◽  
Ning Yang ◽  
Fenghua Wang ◽  
Guoping Zhao ◽  
Hongwei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Epidemiologic Characteristics

ABSTRACT In December, 2019, an infectious outbreak of unknown cause occurred in Wuhan, which attracted intense attention. Shortly after the virus was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out, and an information storm occurred. At that time, 2 important aspects, that is, the stages of spread and the components of the epidemic, were unclear. Answers to the questions (1) what are the sources, (2) how do infections occur, and (3) who will be affected should be clarified as the outbreak continues to evolve. Furthermore, components of the epidemic and the stages of spread should be explored and discussed. Based on information of SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19, the components of the epidemic (the sources, the routes of infection, and the susceptible population) will be discussed, as well as the role of natural and social factors involved. Epidemiologic characteristics of patients will be traced based on current information.

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