Modeling the Changing of the Individual Satisfaction in a Group Context: A Study on Two Sized Groups

2018 ◽  
pp. 489-501
Author(s):  
Francesco Barile ◽  
Judith Masthoff ◽  
Silvia Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Group Context ◽  
The Individual

scholarly journals Reflective Practices to Study Group Dynamics: Implement Empowerment and Understand the Functioning of Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Rania ◽  
Ilaria Coppola ◽  
Laura Pinna
Keyword(s):  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Reflective Practices ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Group Experiences ◽  
Relevant Group ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Empowerment ◽  
Online Group ◽  
Group Skills

Introduction: Individual and group reflection practices are qualitative methods useful in a group context to develop group skills and more awareness of the dynamics that take place within the group to which one belongs.Aim: The aim of this work is to highlight how individual reflective practices and group reflections contribute to the development of group skills. More specifically, the effectiveness of relevant group dynamics is investigated, with the aim of creating a space for reflection, and activation for individual and group empowerment.Participants: The participants were 130 university students (86% female), resided in northwestern Italy, and had a mean age of 27.5 years (SD = 7.52). They were randomly divided into 23 groups (ranged from four to nine members).Method: The participants engaged in several online training activities and at the end of every activity they completed individual reflection practice in which they presented both positive and negative aspects related to the group experiences. Then they participated in online group reflections that allowed them to reflect on the group dynamics, particular attention given to factors such as climate, participation and roles played by each participant in a variety of training activities. This study analyzes 130 individual reflective practices and 23 group reflections. The data collected through individual reflective practices and the transcripts of the group reflections were analyzed using grounded theory. Two independent judges analyzed and categorized the data and then identified the main common categories that emerged by the support of Nvivo software.Results: From the analysis of the content, it is determined that the participants, based on the construction of the individual and group reflections, paid greater attention to the dynamics that occurred within the group during the various activities in which they participated, thus allowing them to be more aware of the various factors that affected the importance attributed to the different roles, the climate, and their active participation.Conclusion: Combined, these factors allowed participants to strengthen their relationships with each other and enhance the cohesion of the group.

scholarly journals Under Pressure: Examining Social Conformity With Computer and Robot Groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1207-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hertz ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Task Type ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Group Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Likeness ◽  
Conformity Effect ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Analytical Task

Objective: The authors investigate whether nonhuman agents, such as computers or robots, produce a social conformity effect in human operators and examine to what extent potential conformist behavior varies as a function of the human-likeness of the group members and the type of task that has to be performed. Background: People conform due to normative and/or informational motivations in human–human interactions, and conformist behavior is modulated by factors related to the individual as well as factors associated with the group, context, and culture. Studies have yet to examine whether nonhuman agents also induce social conformity. Method: Participants were assigned to a computer, robot, or human group and completed both a social and analytical task with the respective group. Results: Conformity measures (percentage of times participants answered in line with agents on critical trials) subjected to a 3 × 2 mixed ANOVA showed significantly higher conformity rates for the analytical versus the social task as well as a modulation of conformity depending of the perceived agent–task fit. Conclusion: Findings indicate that nonhuman agents were able to exert a social conformity effect, which was modulated further by the perceived match between agent and task type. Participants conformed to comparable degrees with agents during the analytical task but conformed significantly more strongly on the social task as the group’s human-likeness increased. Application: Results suggest that users may react differently to the influence of nonhuman agent groups with the potential for variability in conformity depending on the domain of the task.

Group Psychoanalytic work with Children

1966 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 430-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gratton ◽  
C. Lafontaine ◽  
J. Guibeautt
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Melanie Klein ◽  
Individual Psychotherapy ◽  
Children And Families ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Excellent Method ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Observation

In a group context, the spontaneous play of young children expresses symbolically their free associations and their fantasies just as verbal productions of older children and adults treated in groups. The described technique allows us to treat latency and pre-school neurotic children, through the analysis of their collective play, according to the principles of Melanie Klein for the individual psychoanalysis of children. The trials we had with different groups in therapies lasting for more than a year, has convinced us that it is possible to interpret and work through the children's productions in group as in individual psychotherapy. The technique can be modified for young psychotic patients and constitutes an excellent method of observation and treatment. The method can be further modified to include parents in group observation of children and families for diagnostic purposes. This paper deals with methodology. We endeavoured to show that our method of group therapy was applicable to the different age groups and to the different psychiatric entities of adolescence and childhood. We purposely abstained from mentioning the evolution of these patients, since any percentage of improvement would be meaningless in such small series. However, we may add that some hopeless patients did not improve at all, but that many patients did show a remarkable improvement.

scholarly journals incidental_impressions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Newey ◽  
Kami Koldewyn ◽  
Richard Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Helping Behaviour ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behaviour Changes ◽  
Over Time

A variety of subtle social cues, including gaze behaviour, are used to form impressions of others. For example, if another’s eye-gaze reliably helps or hinders us while we complete a task, we incidentally form a positive or negative impression about them. In real life, people are rarely so consistent in their behaviour, and they are often encountered in dynamic group contexts. To date, however, it is not yet known how incidental impressions are affected by either changes in target individual’s behaviour over time group, or by the group’s behaviour. To better understand how impressions are formed when subtle social behaviours change valence over time, we manipulated helping behaviour both at the level of the individual (Experiments 1-3) and the wider group (Experiments 4 & 5). Contrary to the idea that first impressions are hard to change, we found no evidence that impressions were driven by initial behaviour (primacy effects). Rather, people tended to form impressions based on the most recent behaviour, with some influence from the overall, average behaviour. In addition, we found that individuals’ behaviours appear to be viewed more or less favourably, depending on the behaviour of the wider group. Overall, we demonstrate that impression formation based on subtle social cues is not dominated by a single process, but instead reflects a complex product of cognitive mechanisms that integrate average valence over time, the direction of behaviour changes, the recency of observed behaviour, and the group context in which the behaviour is observed.

scholarly journals Under Pressure: Examining Social Conformity with Computer and Robot Groups

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hertz ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Social Conformity ◽  
Informational Influence ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Human Agent ◽  
Social Tasks ◽  
Human Likeness ◽  
Conformity Effect ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
The Individual

Objective: To investigate whether non-human agents, such as computers or social robots, produce a social conformity effect within human operators and to what extent potential conformist behavior varies as a function of the human-likeness of the group members and the type of task that had to be performed. Background: People conform due to normative and/or informational motivations in human-human interactions, and conformist behavior is modulated by factors related to the individual, as well as factors associated with the group, context and culture. Studies have yet to examine whether non-human agents also induce social conformity. Method: Participants were assigned to a computer, robot, or human group and completed both a social and analytical task with the respective group. Results: Conformity measures (percentage of times participants answered in line with agents on critical trials) subjected to a 3 x 2 mixed ANOVA showed significantly higher conformity rates for the analytical versus the social task, as well as a modulation of conformity depending of the perceived agent-task fit. Conclusion: Findings indicate that non-human agents were able to exert a general conformity effect and that informational influence associated with the group’s expertise for a given task had a stronger impact on conformity than normative motivations associated with its human-likeness. Application: Results suggest that users may react differently to suggestions of non-human versus human agent groups with the potential of under-reliance on social tasks.

The Impossible Case of Japan

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dag Leonardsen
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Society ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
The Self ◽  
The West ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Group Context ◽  
The Individual

If increasing crime seems to be an unavoidable concomitant of rapid urbanisation, Japan might be an interesting exception. Both statistics and research tell us that Japan is a modern, rapidly urbanised society with little crime. This article raises the question if, and eventually in which way, one may talk about Japan as a low crime nation. Is there anything of criminological interest to learn from Japan? After describing the Japanese society along five analytical dimensions the answer to this question is that while in the West we can talk about “community lost”, in Japan we should rather talk about “individual lost”. At the individual level the obliteration of the self is the price to be paid for less crime. However, at the collective level Japan might teach the West a lesson. If crime is regarded as actions committed by outsiders, then Japanese society has succeeded in linking the individual to a group context which most likely functions in a crime preventive way. Instead of endless crime preventive programs of “social engineering”, the West should pay more attention to basic sociological insights concerning collective obligations and identities. In this regard we might look to Japan.

scholarly journals A CRITICAL REFLECTION OF BRONFENBRENNER´S DEVELOPMENT ECOLOGY MODEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Jonas Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Group Context ◽  
Key Words Development ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Resilience Capacity ◽  
Resilience Science

This analysis is a theory based reflection out of the development ecology. When studying an organisation, transformation and spheres of influence of professions and in education, the Development Ecology model provides a tool for understanding the encounter between societal, organisational and individual dimensions, a continual meeting point where phenomena and actors occur on different levels, including those of the organisation and society at large. However, the theory of development ecology may be questioned for how it looks at the individual’s role in relation to other actors in order to define and understand the forces underlying the professional development. The focus on the individual might prevent the understanding of group wise development. Resilience capacity on a mental, intra level and an entrepreneurial way of building, developing and keeping networks gives the different levels in the Development Ecology model a broader understanding of what stimulates learning processes. Factors relating to both the inside of the individual and social ties between individuals in a group context in relation to global factors need to be discussed. Key words: development ecology, organisation, resilience, science education, social ties.

The Ultrastructure of Monkey Gingival Epithelium

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
C.N. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Stratum Granulosum ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Gingival Epithelial Cells ◽  
Stratum Spinosum ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Gingival Epithelium ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Thickness

The present study demonstrates the ultrastructure of the gingival epithelium of the pig tail monkey (Macaca nemestrina). Specimens were taken from lingual and facial gingival surfaces and fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium solution (pH 7.6) for 1 hr, dehydrated, and then embedded in Epon 812.Tonofibrils are variable in number and structure according to the different region or location of the gingival epithelial cells, the main orientation of which is parallel to the long axis of the cells. The cytoplasm of the basal epithelial cells contains a great number of tonofilaments and numerous mitochondria. The basement membrane is 300 to 400 A thick. In the cells of stratum spinosum, the tonofibrils are densely packed and increased in number (fig. 1 and 3). They seem to take on a somewhat concentric arrangement around the nucleus. The filaments may occur scattered as thin fibrils in the cytoplasm or they may be arranged in bundles of different thickness. The filaments have a diameter about 50 A. In the stratum granulosum, the cells gradually become flatted, the tonofibrils are usually thin, and the individual tonofilaments are clearly distinguishable (fig. 2). The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are seldom seen in these superficial cell layers.

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