Challenging Global Inequality in Streets and Supermarkets: Fair Trade Activism since the 1960s

AbstractDecolonization challenged people across the globe to define their place in a new postcolonial order. This challenge was felt in international political and economic affairs, but it also affected daily lives across the globe. The history of fair trade activism as seen from the Netherlands highlights how citizens in the North grappled to position themselves in a postcolonial consumer society. Interventions by fair trade activists connected debates about the morals of their society to the consequences of decolonization. They reacted to the imbalances of the global market in the wake of decolonization, joining critics from the South in demanding more equitable global relations. It was around this issue of “fair trade” that a transnational coalition of moderate and more radical activists emerged after the 1960s. This coalition held widely dissimilar views regarding the politics of the left and the use of consumer activism. The analysis of their interventions demonstrates that during the postwar era attempts at transforming the global market were inextricably interwoven with visions of a postcolonial order.

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Charity, Activism and Social Justice: Revisiting Christian Aid's Role in Public Campaigns for Fair Trade, 1968–1973

Contemporary European History ◽

10.1017/s0960777319000274 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 535-549

Author(s):

Matthew Anderson

Keyword(s):

Social Justice ◽

International Development ◽

Fair Trade ◽

Global Trade ◽

Social Force ◽

New Approaches ◽

Public Debates ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Moment

AbstractThe 1960s was the moment when NGOs established their role within the professional world of international development. There were new networks emerging and new approaches to development – but there were also longer-term trends and challenges that resurfaced about the role of charity, activism and social justice. Previous research has shown how Christian networks were instrumental in establishing local fair trade campaigns. This article investigates the extent to which Christian Aid contributed to fair trade campaigns by providing a moral social force in public debates about social justice, international development and global trade.

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Building Brand Reputation through Third-Party Endorsement: Fair Trade in British Chocolate

The Business History Review ◽

10.1017/s0007680516000738 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 90 (3) ◽

pp. 457-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Teresa da Silva Lopes

Keyword(s):

Fair Trade ◽

Third Party ◽

Fair Trading ◽

Society Of Friends ◽

Brand Reputation ◽

Chocolate Industry ◽

Fair Trade Movement ◽

Food Standards ◽

The 1960S ◽

Sustainable Economic Growth

This article looks at the evolution of the British chocolate industry from the 1860s to the 1960s, a period during which it was dominated by Quaker businesses: Cadbury, Rowntree, and their predecessor, Fry. It provides evidence of early forms of fair trade by these Quaker businesses, showing that, before the fair trade movement took off in the 1970s, they contributed to social change and to improvement in living standards and long-term sustainable economic growth in developing countries. This article argues that when the mechanisms for enforcing food standards were weak and certification bodies did not exist, the Religious Society of Friends acted as an indirect independent endorser, reinforcing the imagery and reputation of the Quaker-owned brands and associating them both with purity and quality and with honest and fair trading.

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Consuming Anti-Consumerism: The German Fairtrade Movement and the Ambivalent Legacy of ‘1968’

Contemporary European History ◽

10.1017/s0960777319000262 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 550-565

Author(s):

Benjamin Möckel

Keyword(s):

Fair Trade ◽

Consumer Products ◽

Individual Identity ◽

Consumer Society ◽

Mail Order ◽

Design Representation ◽

Fair Trade Movement ◽

The 1960S ◽

Modern Mass

AbstractThe article explores the influence of ‘1968’ on the West German fair trade movement. It argues that 1968 constituted an ambivalent legacy for the perception of mass consumerism: while the 1960s student movement radically criticised modern consumer society, it also put new emphasis on consumer products as markers of individual identity. The article analyses this relationship by focusing on the design, representation and advertising of fair trade products by the German fair trade organation GEPA. The first two case studies examine the politicisation of fair trade products in its early campaigns in the 1970s and the subsequent attempts to use everyday products like coffee, tea and honey to educate consumers about their individual lifestyles. The third case study looks at the GEPA's first mail-order catalogues and asks how the GEPA tried to transform an icon of modern mass consumerism into a tool to communicate its fair trade approach.

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World Income Inequality Between and Within Regions: 1820-2008

International Journal of Economics and Finance ◽

10.5539/ijef.v9n8p1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Keisuke Kokubun

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Income Inequality ◽

Strong Increase ◽

Global Inequality ◽

International Inequality ◽

Long Run ◽

The World ◽

World Income ◽

The 1960S ◽

High Level

This study investigates the world income inequality between 1820 and 2008 decomposing international inequality into between- and within-region factors. Our estimates show increase of inequality between 1820 and the 1960s. Within-region inequality increased a lot in the very long run, mainly led by within-West inequality in nineteenth century and by within-East Asia inequality in the latter half of twentieth century. However, between-region inequality increased more significantly and was the main cause behind the very strong increase in global inequality in these two centuries. This process appears to have come to an end during the second half of twentieth century, a high level of stagnation of world inequality inthe 1970s and the 1980s followed by a decline inthe 1990s and more strongly in the 2000s, mainly due to the rapid growth in countries such as China, India, Indonesia, etc. This decline in world inequality was accompanied by decrease of between- and within-region inequality, although the speed of the former is faster than the latter.

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Trajectories of Global Solidarity. Fair Trade Activism Since the 1960s: Introduction

Contemporary European History ◽

10.1017/s0960777319000250 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 512-517

Author(s):

Peter van Dam ◽

Andrea Franc

Keyword(s):

Fair Trade ◽

Western Europe ◽

Post Colonial ◽

Economic Relations ◽

The North ◽

Fresh Perspective ◽

History Of ◽

Post War ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Impact

AbstractActivists throughout Western Europe joined Southern actors in demanding a reform of global trade during the 1960s. This forum focuses on the subsequent trajectories of fair trade activism: the initiatives which aimed to achieve equitable economic relations between the South and the North. The evolution of this movement is situated within larger debates about social movements since the 1960s. The forum demonstrates the importance of a transnational perspective, particularly the impact of the global South and European integration. It highlights fair trade's broad constituency and the contested development of its goals and repertoire. The movement's trajectories challenge us to reassess how activists attempted to shape a post-colonial world in which consumption had become a predominant fact of life. Regarding this strand of activism as part of crucial post-war developments provides a fresh perspective on the history of transnational civic activism.

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The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x13009850 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (01) ◽

pp. 102-129

Author(s):

ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽

EUDALD CORTINA ORERO

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

El Salvador ◽

Early Years ◽

Left Wing ◽

Internal Dynamics ◽

Internal Coherence ◽

The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

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Improving x-ray map resolution with image restoration techniques

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100165458 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 598-599

Author(s):

Richard B. Mott ◽

John J. Friel ◽

Charles G. Waldman

Keyword(s):

Image Restoration ◽

Hubble Space Telescope ◽

Extensive Literature ◽

Small Object ◽

X Rays ◽

X Ray ◽

Mapping Parameters ◽

The Matrix ◽

The 1960S ◽

Map Resolution

X-rays are emitted from a relatively large volume in bulk samples, limiting the smallest features which are visible in X-ray maps. Beam spreading also hampers attempts to make geometric measurements of features based on their boundaries in X-ray maps. This has prompted recent interest in using low voltages, and consequently mapping L or M lines, in order to minimize the blurring of the maps.An alternative strategy draws on the extensive work in image restoration (deblurring) developed in space science and astronomy since the 1960s. A recent example is the restoration of images from the Hubble Space Telescope prior to its new optics. Extensive literature exists on the theory of image restoration. The simplest case and its correspondence with X-ray mapping parameters is shown in Figures 1 and 2.Using pixels much smaller than the X-ray volume, a small object of differing composition from the matrix generates a broad, low response. This shape corresponds to the point spread function (PSF). The observed X-ray map can be modeled as an “ideal” map, with an X-ray volume of zero, convolved with the PSF. Figure 2a shows the 1-dimensional case of a line profile across a thin layer. Figure 2b shows an idealized noise-free profile which is then convolved with the PSF to give the blurred profile of Figure 2c.

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