The Revolution in the Individual States

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Marius S. Ostrowski
Keyword(s):  
The Individual ◽  
The Revolution

9. Communism and revolution

2018 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Peter Singer
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Communist Society ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Revolution

How, in Marx’s view, would capitalism be overthrown? And what kind of society did Marx believe would replace capitalism? The simple answers are: capitalism would be overthrown by revolution and replaced by communism. ‘Communism and revolution’ explains that Marx was reticent over the details of communist society. He believed that history owed its momentum to the development of the forces of production rather than the development of ideas. Marx saw his role as raising the revolutionary consciousness of the workers and preparing for the revolution that would occur when conditions were ripe. In proposing a solution to the problem of the individual and the community, Marx was contributing to a tradition in moral philosophy going back at least to Plato.

scholarly journals Reflejo De La Psicología Revolucionaria En El Comportamiento Del Individuo En Las Obras Literarias De Mariano Azuela E Isaac Bábel

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Julia Sadovska
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Parallel Analysis ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Mass Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Isaac Babel ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Revolution

This paper focuses on the analysis of the psychology and the model of human behavior reflected in the works of M. Azuela and I. Babel. The novels "The ones of down" (M. Azuela) and "Red Cavalry" (I. Babel), dedicated to the revolution and the civil war, are explored within the framework of the social psychology. Theories of human behavior in the revolution, the aspect of motivation, and the socio-psychological mechanisms of its massive impact on the individual are considered. Similarly, the state of emotional stress that forces the masses to move was investigated. In the process of the "emotional whirlpool" and the "circular reaction" in progress, the voltage increases, which inevitably result to an explosion at the end (most of the time - of a violent nature). The parallel analysis of the researched works reveals that human behavior is determined by belonging to the consciousness of the masses or to the individual conscience. Individual consciousness and mass exist in a certain unity, but mass psychology, conquers the individual. In this case, a person becomes the "bearer of the mask" of the revolution.

The View from Below

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre‐Yves Beaurepaire
Keyword(s):  
Tax System ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church ◽  
Local Nature ◽  
The Revolution

The cahiers or registers of grievances composed by every community in France for the Estates-General of 1789 have long been recognized as an unparalleled historical resource. But by their very immense nature they have proved susceptible to a wide range of interpretations, and it is only in recent years that new methods have established incontrovertibly some of the key messages they present about French opinion on the eve of the Revolution. Detailed study shows that the burdens of the unjust and illogical tax system were felt far and wide, and that the privileges of the nobility and the Church occupied many writers; but also that the very local nature of the individual documents produced a kaleidoscopic array of views and priorities. Thus, it is clear that continued work on this mass of evidence will yield further insights into the multiple dimensions of historical experience locked in these texts.

The Unified State and the Unified Mind: Social and Moral Utopia in Zamiatin's We and Plato's Republic

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 263-288
Author(s):  
Sara Stefani
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Ancient Source ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Revolution

AbstractScholars have often attempted to determine the objects of Zamiatin's satire in his dystopian novel We as well as the model on which he based the structure of his Edinoe Gosudarstvo. This article argues that in order to find the model that Zamiatin used, we should look to the exemplar of utopia itself, Plato's Republic. Plato's vision of the ideal social structure is meant to serve as an allegory for the ideal individual as well as an allegory for morality. Both the collective body and the individual mind are supremely moral, in Plato's view, when all irrational parts are subjugated to reason and rationality and marked by total unity. This article traces debates about Plato's Republic by Russian thinkers in the period just before and immediately after the Revolution, i.e., prior to the period when Zamiatin wrote We, in order to argue for the relevance of Plato in Russian society of the time. In many of these writings, Plato is identified as an ancient source of the ideals of socialism and communism. The close textual parallels between Republic and We are examined, from the broadest level of social organization to the appropriation of Plato's famous images of the Sun, the Line, and the Cave. In his novel, Zamiatin seems to question not only Plato's political vision, but his conceptions of truth, justice, and morality.

FRENCH LIBERALISM’S “INDIAN DETOUR”: LOUIS DUMONT, THE INDIVIDUAL, AND LIBERAL POLITICAL THOUGHT IN POST-1968 FRANCE

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-710
Author(s):  
JACOB COLLINS
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Revolution

Liberalism in France has typically been concerned with political, rather than economic, issues. Its classic texts—those of Constant, Guizot, and Tocqueville—were written in the aftermath of the Revolution, and reflected on the historical and political problems that grew out of it: the nature of the modern state, the rights and duties of the individual, and the nexus of institutions that mediated their relationship. These writings defined the contours of modern French liberalism, and became a key resource for thinkers in the late 1970s, notably Pierre Rosanvallon and Marcel Gauchet, who were looking for ways to revitalize the liberal-democratic project. In his 1985 study of Guizot, Rosanvallon could regret that “the question of liberalism in French political culture of the nineteenth century is ‘missing’ in contemporary thought.”1 If the task of political theory was to recover this intellectual tradition, what were the terms of the recovery? Which ideas were missing from the conceptual landscape of the 1970s to inspire it?

scholarly journals NEOREALISM IN MODERN PROSE ABOUT THE REVOLUTION OF DIGNITY AND THE WAR IN EASTERN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Kulinska Ya.I.
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Emotional Changes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Difficult Transition ◽  
The Revolution

The article considers works devoted to the Revolution of Dignity and the Russian-Ukrainian war in eastern Ukraine.Purpose. The purpose of the proposed study is to analyze the novels of Ukrainian writers (A. Kokotukha, R. Nayda, S. Ukhachevsky, V. Ivchenko, V. Ivanyna), written in the aesthetics of neorealism, to characterize the features of such prose and evaluate it in the context of works on similar topics.Methods. The following methods were used during the research: descriptive, historical-biographical, comparative-historical (to compare different types of characters and track the dynamics of individual images), available elements of the hermeneutic method, narrative and intertextual analysis, etc.Results. The research revealed that works written in the aesthetics of neorealism appeared among the array of Maidan-military texts. Their authors, seeking to get to know a person in a difficult transition period, show psycho-emotional changes and understand social metamorphoses in general during social change, military cataclysms and personal crises represent in their works heroes from different social strata in extreme circumstances (Revolution of Dignity and War), revealing through actions the characters of their characters, their psychology and motivation (often irrational essence). It is noted that the historical and social context in these works is really just a background for the analysis of writers of various manifestations of Ukrainian life, as well as for the search for independent of society or individual patterns of existence. Emphasis on social pictures-generalizations is shifted in the works to their comprehension, the microworld of the individual is of interest to the authors as a component of the macroworld of society. It is noted that the appearance in the novels of mythologists fratricide, the Fall, and others. give the works a philosophical connotation, and the emphasized attention to documentary authenticity and deep psychologism testify to the features of neorealism in the texts.Conclusions. Studies of neorealist works dedicated to the Revolution of Dignity and the war in eastern Ukraine allow us to form a more complete picture of modern Ukrainian literature.Key words: realism, Maidan-military prose, theoretical-critical discourse, demythologization, typology, hero-character, ideology, stylistic manner, narration. У статті розглядаються твори, присвячені Революції Гідності та російсько-українській війні на сході України.Мета. Метою пропонованого дослідження є аналіз романів українських письменників (А. Кокотюхи, Р. Найди, С. Уха-чевського, В. Івченка, В. Іванини), написаних в естетиці неореалізму, схарактеризувати особливості такої прози та оцінити її в контексті творів аналогічної тематики.Методи. Під час дослідження використано такі методи: описовий, історико-біографічний, порівняльно-історичний (для зіставлення різних типів персонажів і відстеження динаміки окремих образів); наявні елементи герменевтичного методу, нара-тивного та інтертекстуального аналізу тощо.Результати. У процесі дослідження виявлено, що серед масиву майданно-воєнних текстів з’явилися твори, написані в есте-тиці неореалізму. Їхні автори, прагнучи пізнати людину складної перехідної доби, показати різноманітні психоемоційні стани та розібратися загалом у соціальних метаморфозах під час зміни суспільного устрою, воєнних катаклізмів і особистісних криз, репрезентують у своїх творах героїв із різних соціальних верств в екстремальних обставинах (Революція Гідності та війна на сході України), розкриваючи через вчинки характери персонажів, їхню психологію і мотивацію (часто ірраціональну сутність). При цьому зазначено, що історично-соціальний контекст у цих творах – насправді лише тло для аналізу письменниками різ-них проявів життя українців, а також для пошуку незалежних від соціуму чи індивідууму закономірностей буття. Акценти із соціальних картин-узагальнень зміщуються у творах на їхнє осмислення, мікросвіт особистості цікавить авторів як складник макросвіту буття соціуму. Зауважено, що поява в романах міфологем братовбивства, гріхопадіння та ін. надає творам філософ-ського підтексту, а підкреслена увага до документальної достовірності та глибокий психологізм є рисами неореалізму в текстах.Висновки. Дослідження неореалістичних творів, присвячених Революції Гідності та війни на сході України, дають змогу сформувати повніше уявлення про сучасну українську літературу.Ключові слова: реалізм, майданно-воєнна проза, теоретико-критичний дискурс, деміфологізація, типологія, герой-персо-наж, ідейність, стильова манера, нарація.

scholarly journals Diary as a Mystification of Reality in Vladimir Sharov’s Novels

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-63
Author(s):  
Irina V. Ashcheulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Text Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Text Structures ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Revolution

In Vladimir Sharov’s novels, the text structure of the narrative is of crucial importance. The text structures of Sharov’s novels are diverse: letters, diaries, archives, notes, treatises, dissertations, etc. Sharov consciously chooses the diary as a form of narration, as a stylisation of the document of one’s personal presence in history. The diary allows Sharov to reveal the characters’ psychology, to identify their attitude to reality, its perception, and image. The article analyses the form of the diary in the novels The Rehearsals (1992), The Old Girl (1998), Raising Lazarus (2003). In The Rehearsals, the diary of Jacques de Sertan, a French director and actor brought to Russia by the will of fate, becomes the key form of the narration. For several years (1660s), Sertan describes the plot of the rehearsals of a religious mystery about the life of Christ staged under the patronage of Patriarch Nikon. The meaning of the diary at the level of the author’s consciousness is to establish the laws of historical mystery. The author comes to the idea that the idea (political, theocratic, utopian) influences the historical process. Service to the idea and fascination with it entail a desire to change, remake reality. This is how, according to Sharov, the endless revolutions of Russian history arise leading to national divisions, opposition of one part of the people against another. The algorithm of Russian history is extremely clear: repeated splits lead to absurd dead ends. The narration in The Old Girl is connected with the comprehension of the most important event in Russian history for Sharov’s authorial historiosophy: the Revolution of 1917 and the political repressions of the 1930s. The basis of the narration is texts of different statuses that the author imitated: first of all, the diary of the main character Vera Radostina. The diary here is a personal document of one’s own life and a document of the historical era of the 1920s and 1930s. This is the narrative function of Vera Radostina’s diary, stories about the revolution, its role, its meaning for a person and for contemporaries. The author’s modeling of the diary of a character such as Vera is associated with the perception of the role of a person in the historical process of the 1920s and 1930s. Vera turns out to be identical with the epoch. She is fascinated by the grandeur and phenomenality of what is happening. She understands that the revolution should be involved in the general historical flow, that it is necessary to “enter the revolution into the history of Russia”. From the point of view of the author’s consciousness, with a common historical pattern, the revolution turns out to be a catastrophe in the national historical process. In Raising Lazarus, the diary performs three functions. At the plot level, it logically ends the search for the missing manuscripts. At the level of the consciousness of Nikolai Kulbarsov, the author of the diary, it “documents his identity”, confirming the continuity of his self. At the level of the author’s consciousness, the diary becomes a fact of the resurrection of the individual in the abyss of history.

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