Phonological redeployment and the mapping problem: Cross-linguistic E-similarity is the beginning of the story, not the end

In this research note I want to address some misunderstandings about the construct of redeployment and suggest that we need to fit these behavioural data from Yang, Chen and Xiao (YCX) into a broader context. I will suggest that these authors’ work is not just about the failure of three models to predict equivalence classification. Equivalence classification is not the end of the story but only the beginning. We need to look at what cues are detected in the input, which subset of the input becomes intake, and how this intake is parsed onto phonological structures. The empirical results of YCX should not be viewed as some sort of non-result inasmuch as none of the proposed predictors of Mandarin equivalence classification foresaw that the Russian prevoiced stops and short-lag stops would be equated with the Mandarin short-lag stops. Rather, the empirical results need to be contextualized by considering such factors as cue reweighting as part of the learning theory which maps intake onto phonological representations. In this light, the results are not a repudiation of phonological redeployment, but help to shed light on the parsing of the acoustic signal, the importance of robust burst-release cues, and the non-local nature of L2 phonological learning (as opposed to noticing).

GENETICALLY TURKISH OIKONYMS OF ODESSA REGION: MOTIVATED / UNMOTIVATED RENEWALS OF THE SOVIET PERIOD.

Introduction. The article analyzes the oikonyms of the modern Odessa region, which were formed during the Turkish-Tatar (Nogai) history of this region. The genetic Turkic names that the Bulgarian settlers moved to a new place of residence from their homeland (or from the territory of Turkey) during the end of the XVIII – first half of the XIX century are analyzed. These names were changed as a result of administrative intervention by the Soviet authorities, mainly during 1944–1945. Аim. The study aims to carry out etymological and structural-semantic analysis of genetically Turkic oikonyms of modern Odessa region. The object of the study is the genetically Turkic names of the settlements of Odesa region (local and transferred by Bulgarian settlers from across the Danube), which were changed administratively mainly after 1944; the subject of research is to find out the etymologies of the corresponding oikonyms and their structural and semantic characteristics. Research methods. For the analysis of oikonyms the descriptive method is applied by means of which the structure of both historical (genetically Turkic), and new (Soviet period) names is characterized, and also reception of the etymological analysis for establishment of etymons of genetically Turkic names of settlements. Research results. The article identifies word-forming models, presents the classification of genetically Turkic oikonyms of Odesa region, clarifies the dеonymic motivation of their creative bases; the structure of new (renamed) names is characterized. Conclusions. It is proved that most renamings do not take into account either the derivation model, which formed the original name of the settlement, or the appellate (onym) meaning of the creative bases, which convincingly testifies to their artificial nature, lack of connection with local nature, historical and cultural features of the region. It should be noted that it is necessary to change the names of the modern Odessa region, in particular the names with the Russian imperial connotation (Alexandrovka, Suvorov), as well as with the Russian-speaking structure (Udobne, Utkonosivka).

Autorytarna merytokracja — zarys modelu i jego legitymizacja na przykładzie Chin

The article analyses the model of authoritarian meritocracy and its legitimisation on the example of the Chinese People’s Republic. The discussed model is based on three principles: 1. power is exercised by a monoparticle elite that legitimises its position on the basis of moral and substantive criteria; 2. patriarchal and anti-democratic governance; 3. the authorities’ policy aims to meet the material needs of citizens, but without granting them political rights. The Communist Party of China in its official narrative, on the one hand, refers to the assumptions of Maoism, but on the other hand, to a much greater extent — especially in the field of economic cases and the operation of the administrative apparatus — to the Confucian tradition. The model of authoritarian meritocracy in China should be treated as an ongoing experiment, whose final shape has a much more local nature than universal one, which it tries to claim. Nevertheless, the economic success and rapid modernization progress of the “Central State” undermined the theses formulated in the West after 1989 that economic development must be accompanied by the implementation of liberal democracy principles. For this reason, the Chinese authoritarian meritocracy may be perceived as a real alternative to the existing hegemonic vision of the West — the need to combine a free market economy with political freedoms and autonomy of individuals.

Merging Discrete Morse Vector Fields: A Case of Stubborn Geometric Parallelization

We address the basic question in discrete Morse theory of combining discrete gradient fields that are partially defined on subsets of the given complex. This is a well-posed question when the discrete gradient field V is generated using a fixed algorithm which has a local nature. One example is ProcessLowerStars, a widely used algorithm for computing persistent homology associated to a grey-scale image in 2D or 3D. While the algorithm for V may be inherently local, being computed within stars of vertices and so embarrassingly parallelizable, in practical use, it is natural to want to distribute the computation over patches Pi, apply the chosen algorithm to compute the fields Vi associated to each patch, and then assemble the ambient field V from these. Simply merging the fields from the patches, even when that makes sense, gives a wrong answer. We develop both very general merging procedures and leaner versions designed for specific, easy-to-arrange covering patterns.

A review of benchmark experiments for the validation of peridynamics models

Peridynamics (PD), a non-local generalization of classical continuum mechanics (CCM) allowing for discontinuous displacement fields, provides an attractive framework for the modeling and simulation of fracture mechanics applications. However, PD introduces new model parameters, such as the so-called horizon parameter. The length scale of the horizon is a priori unknown and need to be identified. Moreover, the treatment of the boundary conditions is also problematic due to the non-local nature of PD models. It has thus become crucial to calibrate the new PD parameters and assess the model adequacy based on experimental observations. The objective of the present paper is to review and catalog available experimental set-ups that have been used to date for the calibration and validation of peridynamics. We have identified and analyzed a total of 39 publications that compare PD-based simulation results with experimental data. In particular, we have systematically reported, whenever possible, either the relative error or the R-squared coefficient. The best correlations were obtained in the case of experiments involving aluminum and steel materials. Experiments based on imaging techniques were also considered. However, images provide large amounts of information and their comparison with simulations is in that case far from trivial. A total of 6 publications have been identified and summarized, that introduce numerical techniques for extracting additional attributes from peridynamics simulations in order to facilitate the comparison against image-based data.

Deformation of drops by outer eddies in turbulence

Drop deformation in fluid flows is investigated as an exchange between the kinetic energy of the fluid and the surface energy of the drop. We show analytically that this energetic exchange is controlled only by the stretching (or compression) of the drop surface by the rate-of-strain tensor. This mechanism is analogous to the stretching of the vorticity field in turbulence. By leveraging the non-local nature of turbulence dynamics, we introduce a new decomposition that isolates the energetic exchange arising from local drop-induced surface effects from the non-local action of turbulent fluctuations. We perform direct numerical simulations of single inertial drops in isotropic turbulence and show that an important contribution to the increments of the surface energy arises from the non-local stretching of the fluid–fluid interface by eddies far from the drop surface (outer eddies). We report that this mechanism is dominant and independent of surface dynamics in a range of Weber numbers in which drop breakup occurs. These findings shed new light on drop deformation and breakup in turbulent flows, and opens the possibility for the improvement and simplification of breakup models.

The Overnight Retention of Novel Metaphors Associates With Slow Oscillation–Spindle Coupling but Not With Respiratory Phase at Encoding

Accumulating evidence emphasizes the relevance of oscillatory synchrony in memory consolidation during sleep. Sleep spindles promote memory retention, especially when occurring in the depolarized upstate of slow oscillation (SO). A less studied topic is the inter-spindle synchrony, i.e. the temporal overlap and phasic coherence between spindles perceived in different electroencephalography channels. In this study, we examined how synchrony between SOs and spindles, as well as between simultaneous spindles, is associated with the retention of novel verbal metaphors. Moreover, we combined the encoding of the metaphors with respiratory phase (inhalation/exhalation) with the aim of modulating the strength of memorized items, as previous studies have shown that inhalation entrains neural activity, thereby benefiting memory in a waking condition. In the current study, 27 young adults underwent a two-night mixed-design study with a 12-h delayed memory task during both sleep and waking conditions. As expected, we found better retention over the delay containing sleep, and this outcome was strongly associated with the timing of SO–spindle coupling. However, no associations were observed regarding inter-spindle synchrony or respiratory phase. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the importance of SO–spindle coupling for memory. In contrast, the observed lack of association with inter-spindle synchrony may emphasize the local nature of spindle-related plasticity.

Taking into account regional environmental conditions in the functioning of road landscape- engineering systems

We analyzed the effects of regional and local natural conditions on the process of construction and functioning of road landscape-engineering systems (RLES) – modern actively developing operating roads with the required infrastructure. It has been reported that compared with other anthropogenic landscapes, those of roads do not receive sufficient attention from environmental geographers and landscape scientists, especially regarding the impact of regional and local nature condi- tions on their functioning. On the example of a region, which is specific according to natural conditions and landscape structure – Podillia, we analyzed three natural factors that significantly affect the functioning of RLES in the region, particularly the manifestation of unfavourable processes in them. These factors include broad distribution (72% of the territory of Podillia) and thick layers of loess rocks (up to 5-7 metres), high differentiation of the surface and cloudburst pattern of atmospheric precipitations. Those factors create preconditions for the development of unfavourable processes in the RLES, especially if this is aggravated by poor planning of their construction and irrational exploitation of RLES of Podillia. In more details, it was analyzed in two natural areas of actively function- ing road landscape-engineer systems: Khmelnytsky-Vinnytsia (outskirts of Yakyshyntsi village) and Vinnytsia-Uman (outskirts of Voronovytsia town). We should note that the impact of local peculiarities of the natural conditions and unfavourable processes they had caused often depend on confinement of the RLES to two of the most dynamic types of landscape in Podillia – slopes and floodplains. Manifestation of local peculiarities of natural conditions and landscape complexes was analyzed on the example of Podillia`s com- monest slope-type habitats – ravine tracts that intersect the road landscape-engineer systems. The paper demonstrates that regional and local peculiarities of natural conditions of Podillia and their impact on the functioning of road landscape-engineering systems should be considered against the background of expression of zonal natural factors and current conditions of the development of society. Taking into account regional and local natural peculiarities in the process of construction and functioning of RLES is one of the realistic ways to ensure long and safe rational exploitation.

A Brief Analysis of the Influence of Mountain and Water Elements in Chinese Classical Gardens on the 18th Century British Natural Landscape Gardens

In the 18th century, British gardens began to transform from a classical to a natural landscape style. During this period, they were influenced by the economy, local nature, as well as foreign cultures. The 18th century was the golden period of cultural exchange between China and the West which gave Britain the opportunity to absorb the cultures of Chinese classical gardens. British gardeners had used various elements of Chinese classical gardens as their point of reference which promoted the development of British natural landscape gardens.