Gender Inequality in Businesses: Woman Managers and Resilient Gender Norms

2020 ◽  
pp. 205-227
Author(s):  
Mine Afacan Findikli ◽  
Duygu Acar Erdur ◽  
Ayfer Ustabaş
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Norms

scholarly journals Gender Inequalities Among Adults and Children: Exposure to Migration and the Evolution of Social Norms in Albania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Mangiavacchi ◽  
Luca Piccoli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Children Exposure ◽  
Consumption Model ◽  
Intrahousehold Distribution

AbstractThis paper studies the distribution of resources within Albanian families in 2012 using a collective consumption model with two alternative specifications: the first enables the estimation of the intrahousehold distribution of resources among male adults, female adults and children; the second extends the analysis to girls and boys. In line with previous evidence on gender inequality in Albania, the results show that the female share of resources is substantially lower with respect to the male share, and that sons receive a larger share of resources than daughters. Considering that Albania experienced massive migration and return of young men in the 20 years before the survey, we further analyze the potential migration-induced transfer of gender norms. We find that the time spent abroad by the husband of the main couple has little influence on woman’s relative position within the households, however it does seem to favor a more equal treatment between daughters and sons. This result suggests that gender norms are more persistent in adult couples, however gender attitudes towards offspring are more elastic to social change.

scholarly journals Reaching Men: Addressing the Blind Spot in the HIV Response

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (SP1) ◽  
pp. e57-e70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pascoe ◽  
Dean Peacock ◽  
Lara Stemple
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Hiv Services ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Mortality

Globally, men are less likely than women to access human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, treatment, and care, and consequently experience disproportionate HIV-related mortality. To address men's underutilization of HIV services, efforts are needed on two fronts: challenging the regressive gender norms that discourage men from seeking health services, and developing improved health system policies, programs, and service delivery strategies to ensure better provision of HIV services to men. It has long been understood that harmful gender norms make women vulnerable to HIV, and this understanding should expand to include the way these norms also put men at risk. This paper presents the data concerning men and HIV, explores the impact of gender norms, examines national and international policy developments, and chronicles the evolution of men’s place in the HIV response. It does so in part by tracing the efforts of Sonke Gender Justice, a South African NGO working across Africa, as it promotes the engagement of men in the fight against the dual epidemics of gender inequality and HIV.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Sarah Sobieraj
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Substantive Issue ◽  
Women's Voice ◽  
The Way

Women who participate in public discussions about social and political issues are often confronted with a barrage of vicious digital attacks. The abuse is a form of patterned resistance to women’s voice and visibility, as evinced by the way gender is weaponized as the central grounds for condemnation. Attacks are riddled with gendered epithets and stereotypes, and they perseverate on women’s physical appearance and presumed sexual behavior; also, the generic nature of the abuse features nearly interchangeable misogyny rather than taking substantive issue with any particular woman. Women who challenge social hierarchies face the most intense pushback, particularly those speaking in or about male-dominated fields, those perceived as feminist or otherwise noncompliant to gender norms, and those with multiple marginalized identities (e.g., women of color, LBTQ women, etc.). This often-unrecognized form of gender inequality constrains women’s use of digital public spaces, much in the way the pervasive threat of sexual intimidation and violence constrains women’s use of physical public spaces.

The tradeoffs of using female suicide bombers

2020 ◽  
pp. 073889422094850
Author(s):  
Michael J. Soules
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Suicide Bombers ◽  
Female Suicide ◽  
Security Personnel ◽  
Suicide Attacks ◽  
Using Data

Why are there so few female suicide bombers despite their tactical effectiveness? To explain the rarity of this phenomenon, I examine the tradeoffs that armed groups face when using female suicide bombers. While rigid gender norms make female bombers more effective because security personnel are less suspicious of them, gender inequality also drives down the demand for female suicide bombers. I posit that the tradeoffs of using female bombers induce a curvilinear relationship between women’s status and the prevalence of female suicide bombers. Specifically, I argue that female bombers will be more common in countries with middling levels of gender equality than in highly equal or unequal societies. Using data on over 5,500 suicide attacks, from 1974 to 2016, I find support for this hypothesis.

scholarly journals Empowerment and use of modern contraceptive methods among married women in Burkina Faso: a multilevel analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvain Y. M. Some ◽  
Christy Pu ◽  
Song-Lih Huang
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Marital Relationships ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Women's Agency ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Women’S Agency

Abstract Background In Burkina Faso, gender inequality prevents women from meeting their reproductive needs, leading to high rates of unintended pregnancies, abortions and deaths. Evidence shows that empowering women may increase the proportion of demand for family planning satisfied using modern methods (mDFPS), but few studies have measured this process in multiple spheres of life. We investigated how empowerment influences the mDFPS among married women of reproductive age (MWRA) in Burkina Faso. Methods We analyzed data from the 2010 Burkina Faso Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) on 4714 MWRA with reproductive needs living in 573 communities. We used principal component analysis (PCA) and Cronbach’s alpha test to explore and assess specific and consistently relevant components of women’s agency in marital relationships. Aggregated measures at the cluster level were used to assess gender norms and relationships in communities. Descriptive statistics were performed and multilevel logistic regression models were carried out to concurrently gauge the effects of women’s agency and community-level of gender equality on mDFPS, controlling for socioeconomic factors. Results Overall, less than one-third (30.8%) of the demand for family planning among MWRA were satisfied with modern methods. Participation in household decision-making, freedom in accessing healthcare, and opposition to domestic violence were underlying components of women’s agency in marital relationships. In the full model adjusted for socioeconomic status, freedom in accessing healthcare was significantly (aOR 1.27, CI 1.06–1.51) associated with mDFPS. For community-level variables, women’s greater access to assets (aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.13–2.61) and family planning messages (aOR 2.68, 95% CI 1.64–4.36) increased mDFPS, while higher fertility expectations (aOR 0.75, 95% CI 0.64–0.87) reduced it. Unexpectedly, women in communities with higher rates of female genital mutilation were more likely (aOR 2.46, 95% CI 1.52–3.99) to have mDFPS. Conclusions Empowering women has the potential to reduce gender inequality, raise women’s agency and increase mDFPS. This influence may occur through both balanced marital relationships and fair community gender norms and relationships. Progress toward universal access to reproductive services should integrate the promotion of women’s rights. Trial registration No clinical trial has been performed in this study.

‘Real men don't hit women’: Constructing masculinity in the prevention of violence against women

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Salter
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Prevention Of Violence

The primary prevention of violence against women has become a national and international priority for researchers and policy makers. While optimistic about the potential of the prevention agenda, this paper advances two related critiques of the construction of masculinities within violence against women primary prevention in high-income countries. The first is that it affords gender norms an unjustified priority over gender inequality as determinants of violence against women. The second critique is that the myopic focus of violence against women prevention efforts on gender norms results in a ‘one-dimensional’ view of masculinity. Nationally and internationally prominent violence against women prevention activities are grounded in a view of masculinity as a normative phenomenon disembedded from economic and political processes. As the paper argues, such a sanitised and one-dimensional account of masculinity is unable to explicable the practical steps necessary to achieve the aims of primary prevention. The paper argues that primary prevention efforts should be reorientated away from decontextualised and quasi-transcendental accounts of masculinity and towards non-violence as a suppressed possibility within the existing social order, and one that requires economic and political as well as cultural change if it is to be realised.

10. Here Comes Spiderman, the Arachnophobian: Halloween and Constructions of Gender

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Nemec
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Visual Representation ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Media Culture ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Social Constructions ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Fantasy World

Holidays are celebrations, symbolism, and cultural traditions combined. Halloween allows for individuals, for one night a year, to transform themselves and enter a fantasy world (Kugelmass, 1994). However, upon further critical examination, this rhetoric of Halloween as a harmless, imaginative, and liberating experience undermines the critical reflection of the negative impact of many of the Halloween traditions. The Halloween ritual perpetuates social constructions of gender, which reflects society’s gender inequality and heteronormativity. During Halloween celebration, exaggerated gender stereotyping is acceptable and is thus reinforcing these norms without critical examination. Themes, paraphernalia, rituals, and costumes, under labels such as ‘Halloween’, ‘tradition’, or ‘holiday’ are symbolic and hold much power. This research seeks to deconstruct these meanings in order to argue the effects they have on the reproduction of gender norms and stereotypes as well as heteronormativity. Halloween has a lot to do with visual representation. Often, this visual representation during Halloween celebration “…reproduces and reiterates more conventional messages about gender (Nelson, 2000). In the process of ‘celebration’, these messages about gender are given the opportunity to manifest themselves. Rarely do those partaking in these rituals critically examine the broader implications to gender stereotyping and inequality as well as heteronormativity and homophobia. Areas of study that will be discussed in the process of arguing these statements include gender (norms, roles, stereotypes, deviance, and sexuality), media, culture, consumerism, fashion, celebrations, and rituals.

Grill Guys and Drive-Thru Girls: Discourses of Gender in Young People’s Part-Time Work

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Lindsay C. Sheppard ◽  
Rebecca Raby ◽  
Wolfgang Lehmann ◽  
Riley Easterbrook
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Poststructural Feminism ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Emerging Themes ◽  
Part Time Work

We engage with poststructural feminism to examine how 32 young workers in Ontario and British Columbia perceived, replicated, navigated, and challenged gendered discourses. We discuss three related emerging themes. First, girls positioned themselves and other girls who work as “go-getters,” resonating with “can-do” girlhood narratives. Second, many participants engaged in and embraced gender-typical work, while others raised critical, feminist concerns. Third, some participants experienced diversions from gender-typical work, and their reflections both reproduced and challenged dominant gender norms. We demonstrate that contradictory discourses of gender, gender inequality, and growing up shape young people’s early work experiences in multiple ways.

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