scholarly journals Gender Inequalities Among Adults and Children: Exposure to Migration and the Evolution of Social Norms in Albania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Mangiavacchi ◽  
Luca Piccoli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Children Exposure ◽  
Consumption Model ◽  
Intrahousehold Distribution

AbstractThis paper studies the distribution of resources within Albanian families in 2012 using a collective consumption model with two alternative specifications: the first enables the estimation of the intrahousehold distribution of resources among male adults, female adults and children; the second extends the analysis to girls and boys. In line with previous evidence on gender inequality in Albania, the results show that the female share of resources is substantially lower with respect to the male share, and that sons receive a larger share of resources than daughters. Considering that Albania experienced massive migration and return of young men in the 20 years before the survey, we further analyze the potential migration-induced transfer of gender norms. We find that the time spent abroad by the husband of the main couple has little influence on woman’s relative position within the households, however it does seem to favor a more equal treatment between daughters and sons. This result suggests that gender norms are more persistent in adult couples, however gender attitudes towards offspring are more elastic to social change.

INTRAHOUSEHOLD DISTRIBUTION IN MIGRANT-SENDING FAMILIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Mangiavacchi ◽  
Federico Perali ◽  
Luca Piccoli
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Children ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Intrahousehold Distribution ◽  
Family Decisions

Abstract:This paper studies the distribution of resources within families with migrant member abroad. We derive a complete collective demand system with individual Engel effects for male and female adults and children, and the respective share of resources. The focus is on migrant-sending families in Albania, where gender and inter-generational inequalities are relevant social issues. The results show that the female share of resources is substantially lower with respect to an equal distribution and do not benefit from father’s migration. Children have a larger share of resources and benefit from their fathers migration, when women maintain control over family decisions and when the proportion of female children is larger (at the detriment of women).

scholarly journals The relationship between inequitable gender norms and provider attitudes and quality of care in maternal health services in Rwanda: a mixed methods study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Doyle ◽  
Shamsi Kazimbaya ◽  
Ruti Levtov ◽  
Joya Banerjee ◽  
Myra Betron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Care Provider ◽  
Quality Care ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Men’S Involvement

Abstract Background Rwanda has made great progress in improving reproductive, maternal, and newborn health (RMNH) care; however, barriers to ensuring timely and full RMNH service utilization persist, including women’s limited decision-making power and poor-quality care. This study sought to better understand whether and how gender and power dynamics between providers and clients affect their perceptions and experiences of quality care during antenatal care, labor and childbirth. Methods This mixed methods study included a self-administered survey with 151 RMNH providers with questions on attitudes about gender roles, RMNH care, provider-client relations, labor and childbirth, which took place between January to February 2018. Two separate factor analyses were conducted on provider responses to create a Gender Attitudes Scale and an RMNH Quality of Care Scale. Three focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted in February 2019 with RMNH providers, female and male clients, explored attitudes about gender norms, provision and quality of RMNH care, provider-client interactions and power dynamics, and men’s involvement. Data were analyzed thematically. Results Inequitable gender norms and attitudes – among both RMNH care providers and clients – impact the quality of RMNH care. The qualitative results illustrate how gender norms and attitudes influence the provision of care and provider-client interactions, in addition to the impact of men’s involvement on the quality of care. Complementing this finding, the survey found a relationship between health providers’ gender attitudes and their attitudes towards quality RMNH care: gender equitable attitudes were associated with greater support for respectful, quality RMNH care. Conclusions Our findings suggest that gender attitudes and power dynamics between providers and their clients, and between female clients and their partners, can negatively impact the utilization and provision of quality RMNH care. There is a need for capacity building efforts to challenge health providers’ inequitable gender attitudes and practices and equip them to be aware of gender and power dynamics between themselves and their clients. These efforts can be made alongside community interventions to transform harmful gender norms, including those that increase women’s agency and autonomy over their bodies and their health care, promote uptake of health services, and improve couple power dynamics.

scholarly journals Parental Consumption Decisions and Child Health During the Early French Fertility Decline, 1790–1914

1993 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Weir
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Fertility Decline ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Child Quality ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Intrahousehold Distribution ◽  
And Child Health

This article re-examines the secular improvement in human heights in France. Adult heights reflect consumption as children, so the distribution of resources between children and adults, determined primarily within households, should have influenced heights. The intrahousehold distribution of resources was influenced by the level of income and by the calorie demands of working adults. Results show that the early decline of marital fertility in France was accompanied by a small but significant increase in expenditures on child quality as measured by heights. Reductions in mortality, independent of the level of food intake, also contributed to improved heights.

Gender inequality in the work environment: a study of private research organizations in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namrata Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Indian Culture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ideal Woman

Purpose Since liberalization in the 1990s, India has witnessed a growth in the number of educated middle-class women in professions. However, there are few women in leadership positions and decision-making bodies. While the earlier notion of the ideal woman as homemaker has been replaced by one which idealizes women of substance, a woman’s role in the family continues to be pivotal and is even viewed as central in defining Indian culture. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how and to what extent gender inequalities are reproduced in the organizations employing educated professionals. Design/methodology/approach Based on the perspective that gender is socially constructed, this paper analyzes gender inequality in Indian organizations through semi-structured interviews of men and women scientists in two private pharmaceutical laboratories. Findings The findings show reproduction of a gendered normative order through two types of norms and practices: one, norms and practices that favor men and second, socio-cultural norms that devalue women in public spaces which help to maintain masculinity in the workplace. Although these practices might be found elsewhere in the world, the manner in which they are enacted reflects national cultural norms. Originality/value The paper highlights how various norms and practices enacted in the specific Indian socio-cultural context construct and maintain masculinity at workplace depriving opportunities to professional women which affect their rise to leadership positions.

scholarly journals Reaching Men: Addressing the Blind Spot in the HIV Response

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (SP1) ◽  
pp. e57-e70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pascoe ◽  
Dean Peacock ◽  
Lara Stemple
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Hiv Services ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Mortality

Globally, men are less likely than women to access human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, treatment, and care, and consequently experience disproportionate HIV-related mortality. To address men's underutilization of HIV services, efforts are needed on two fronts: challenging the regressive gender norms that discourage men from seeking health services, and developing improved health system policies, programs, and service delivery strategies to ensure better provision of HIV services to men. It has long been understood that harmful gender norms make women vulnerable to HIV, and this understanding should expand to include the way these norms also put men at risk. This paper presents the data concerning men and HIV, explores the impact of gender norms, examines national and international policy developments, and chronicles the evolution of men’s place in the HIV response. It does so in part by tracing the efforts of Sonke Gender Justice, a South African NGO working across Africa, as it promotes the engagement of men in the fight against the dual epidemics of gender inequality and HIV.

scholarly journals The Impact of Past Pandemics on Economic and Gender Inequalities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Brzezinski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact

This paper estimates how previous major pandemic events affected economic and gender inequalities in the short- to medium run. We consider the impact of six major pandemic episodes – H3N2 Flu (1968), SARS (2003), H1N1 Swine Flu (2009), MERS (2012), Ebola (2014), and Zika (2016) – on cross-country inequalities in a sample of up to 180 countries observed over 1950-2019. Results show that the past pandemics have moderately increased income inequality in the affected countries in the period of four to five years after the pandemic’s start. On the other hand, we do not find any robust negative impacts on wealth inequality. The results concerning gender inequality are less consistent, but we find some evidence of declining gender equality among the hardest hit countries, as well as of growing gender gaps in unemployment within the four years after the onset of the pandemic.

Gender Inequalities in the Transition to College

2009 ◽  
Vol 111 (10) ◽  
pp. 2320-2346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Transition To College ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Engineering Programs ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
School Graduation

Background In terms of high school graduation, college entry, and persistence to earning a college degree, young women now consistently outperform their male peers. Yet most research on gender inequalities in education continues to focus on aspects of education where women trail men, such as women's underrepresentation at top-tier institutions and in science and engineering programs. The paucity of research on the realms where women outpace men, namely college enrollment and completion, constitutes a major gap in the literature. Purpose This article provides an overview of gender inequality in the transition to college and in college experiences by examining the ways that women are advantaged in higher education and the arenas where they still trail men. It also discusses theoretical perspectives useful in assessing the causes of gender inequality and then suggests how future research could advance our understanding of the complex nature of gender inequality in higher education. Research Design The identification and critical review of research and theories that have been used or that could prove useful in assessing and explaining the complex patterns of gender inequalities in the transition to college and in higher education more generally. Conclusions/Recommendations Fruitful pathways for future research to advance understanding of the complex nature of gender inequalities in higher education include examining gender inequalities early in the educational life course, attending to gender differences within vulnerable segments of the population who may be particularly at risk for not attending higher education, and investigating how the structure and practices of schooling relate to gender differences in educational outcomes.

Exploring the Potential for Gender Norm Change in Adolescent Girls: Evidence from ‘Real Choices, Real Lives’ Longitudinal, Qualitative Study Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Jenny Rivett ◽  
Lilli Loveday
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Norm ◽  
Norm Change

The chapter explores the gender socialisation process and the possible influences (individual, social, and structural) both on the reproduction of gender norms which contribute to gender inequalities (referencing the SDGs) as well as on areas where the girls and their family members demonstrate resistance to norms. Engaging the study’s longitudinal data, the analysis identifies ways in which there is the potential for gender norm change. Findings highlight policy/programming implications to support interventions aimed at achieving SDG 5.

Gender Inequality in Work Organizations

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-99
Author(s):  
Safak Oz Aktepe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Work Organizations ◽  
Hrm Practices ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sides

In this chapter, the author aims to present, through a review of literature, that the gender equality assumption of the human resource management (HRM) approach is not taken for granted. It seems there exist two sides of the same coin, one representing the HRM approach and the other representing the gendered approach to HRM practices. This chapter reviews HRM practices in work organizations as the potential facilitator of gender inequalities in organizations. In addition, the contentious function of HRM practices in maintaining gender inequalities within work organizations is reviewed. In spite of knowing the implication of HRM practices on being a gender-diverse organization, there remain few studies on the relationship between HRM practices and gender inequality in work organizations. Such research will add a different perspective to HRM practices and contribute to the awareness related to the gendered nature of organizations and their organizational practices.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Sarah Sobieraj
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Substantive Issue ◽  
Women's Voice ◽  
The Way

Women who participate in public discussions about social and political issues are often confronted with a barrage of vicious digital attacks. The abuse is a form of patterned resistance to women’s voice and visibility, as evinced by the way gender is weaponized as the central grounds for condemnation. Attacks are riddled with gendered epithets and stereotypes, and they perseverate on women’s physical appearance and presumed sexual behavior; also, the generic nature of the abuse features nearly interchangeable misogyny rather than taking substantive issue with any particular woman. Women who challenge social hierarchies face the most intense pushback, particularly those speaking in or about male-dominated fields, those perceived as feminist or otherwise noncompliant to gender norms, and those with multiple marginalized identities (e.g., women of color, LBTQ women, etc.). This often-unrecognized form of gender inequality constrains women’s use of digital public spaces, much in the way the pervasive threat of sexual intimidation and violence constrains women’s use of physical public spaces.

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