scholarly journals Conducting Research About Undocumented Migrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-60
Author(s):  
Jussi S. Jauhiainen ◽  
Miriam Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
Conducting Research

AbstractConducting research about undocumented migrants is, for various reasons, always challenging. Very seldom are available accurate information and comprehensive statistical data on their demographic, economic, and social situations. Furthermore, there are many kinds of undocumented migrants, and it is often difficult for researchers to contact them.This chapter discusses the methodological challenges of conducting research about undocumented migrants, especially in situations in which no previous data is available and undocumented migrants are wary of attempts to study them. The chapter explains in detail how to design research using triangulated quantitative survey data and qualitative ethnographic data on undocumented migrants; how to analyse and reflect upon them in ways that avoid biased results as far as possible; and the common challenges and opportunities of this kind of research. Finally, the chapter posits solutions, paying extensive attention to research ethics, and especially to the power imbalance between researchers and the researched, and the precautions that need to be taken and ensured in order to avoid data leakage and/or wrongful exposure—which are topics of the utmost importance when conducting research about undocumented migrants.

Integrating Virtue Ethics into Responsible-Conduct-of-Research Programs: Challenges and Opportunities

2021 ◽  
pp. 225-244
Author(s):  
Jiin-Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Responsible Conduct Of Research ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Ethics Framework ◽  
Responsible Conduct ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Conducting Research

In response to federal regulations, institutions created a multitude of responsible-conduct-of-research (RCR) education programs to teach novice researchers about ethical issues that may arise in the course of their research and how to avoid or address them. Many RCR education programs strive to help familiarize trainees with some of the areas in which issues in research ethics and integrity develop and help shape trainees into researchers who conduct their work with integrity. However, the compliance aspect of RCR education programs presents fundamental challenges to the programs’ aspirational goals. Adopting a virtue ethics framework can contribute to RCR education programs’ pursuit of those goals by drawing attention to the ways in which researchers’ characters contribute to conducting research with integrity. Further, virtue ethics can contribute to the development of a virtuous researcher through incorporation into both the formal RCR curriculum and through more informal means, such as mentoring.

scholarly journals Issues and Guidance in Research Ethics

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Francis ◽  
Anona Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Natural Extension ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Research Ethics Committees ◽  
Peer Reviews ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
The Common ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Scientific Endeavour

This paper addresses the principles that govern the outlook and decisions of research ethics committees. The purpose of the paper is to outline such underlying principles in order to aid understanding for researchers into aspects of social and commercial behaviour. Prior to conducting research in any corporate area there is an obligation toward any human participants. That obligation is set out most clearly in the information and forms put out by the various ethics committees charged with examining the proposal, and with giving formal ethical approval. The principles that invest the understanding of ethics committees are those of protecting the vulnerable, and of protecting justifiably good reputations. Ethics committees should be seen as enabling and protecting rather than as a barrier to research. Peer reviews should be seen to include ethics matters in research, and are thus a natural extension of the common scientific endeavour. To this end the article outlines and discusses the issues commonly addressed by research ethics committees. By highlighting these principles, this paper aims to give insights and suggestions that should make the ethics application task easier.

A Cooperative Species

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Bowles ◽  
Herbert Gintis
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Cooperative Groups ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Shame And Guilt ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ethnographic Data

Why do humans, uniquely among animals, cooperate in large numbers to advance projects for the common good? Contrary to the conventional wisdom in biology and economics, this generous and civic-minded behavior is widespread and cannot be explained simply by far-sighted self-interest or a desire to help close genealogical kin. This book shows that the central issue is not why selfish people act generously, but instead how genetic and cultural evolution has produced a species in which substantial numbers make sacrifices to uphold ethical norms and to help even total strangers. The book describes how, for thousands of generations, cooperation with fellow group members has been essential to survival. Groups that created institutions to protect the civic-minded from exploitation by the selfish flourished and prevailed in conflicts with less cooperative groups. Key to this process was the evolution of social emotions such as shame and guilt, and our capacity to internalize social norms so that acting ethically became a personal goal rather than simply a prudent way to avoid punishment. Using experimental, archaeological, genetic, and ethnographic data to calibrate models of the coevolution of genes and culture as well as prehistoric warfare and other forms of group competition, the book provides a compelling and novel account of human cooperation.

The Right to Healthcare in the Common European Asylum System

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156
Author(s):  
Marco Inglese
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Common European Asylum System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Interpretative Approach ◽  
The Right

Abstract This article seeks to ascertain the role of healthcare in the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The article is structured as follows. First, it outlines the international conceptualisation of healthcare in the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the European Social Charter (ESC) before delving into the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Second, focusing on the European Union (EU), it analyses the role of Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter) in order to verify its impact on the development of the CEAS. Third, and in conclusion, it will argue that the identification of the role of healthcare in the CEAS should be understood in light of the Charter’s scope of application. This interpretative approach will be beneficial for asylum seekers and undocumented migrants, as well as for the Member States (MSs).

Design Research Strategies for a Total Artificial Heart

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 593-596
Author(s):  
L. Bryant Foster
Keyword(s):  
Participatory Design ◽  
Artificial Heart ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Total Artificial Heart ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Regulatory Constraints ◽  
Regulatory Submission ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Validation Testing

Human factors formative and validation testing have become a part of the regulatory submission process for new medical devices in the U.S. and Europe. However, there are additional design research methods that manufacturers should consider implementing before and during development to ensure their products are safe, usable and desirable. Many manufacturers avoid conducting design research due to regulatory requirements to document adverse events. This paper discusses contextual research and participatory design performed to gather user needs for a new Total Artificial Heart TAH-t) user interface as well as strategies for conducting research with current users to comply with regulatory constraints.

scholarly journals Establishing Analogy Categories for Bio-Inspired Design

Designs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacquelyn Nagel ◽  
Linda Schmidt ◽  
Werner Born
Keyword(s):  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Design Pedagogy ◽  
Biological Inspiration ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Behavior Learning ◽  
The Common

Biological systems have evolved over billions of years and cope with changing conditions through the adaptation of morphology, physiology, or behavior. Learning from these adaptations can inspire engineering innovation. Several bio-inspired design tools and methods prescribe the use of analogies, but lack details for the identification and application of promising analogies. Further, inexperienced designers tend to have a more difficult time recognizing or creating analogies from biological systems. This paper reviews biomimicry literature to establish analogy categories as a tool for knowledge transfer between biology and engineering to aid bio-inspired design that addresses the common issues. Two studies were performed with the analogy categories. A study of commercialized products verifies the set of categories, while a controlled design study demonstrates the utility of the categories. The results of both studies offer valuable information and insights into the complexity of analogical reasoning and transfer, as well as what leads to biological inspiration versus imitation. The influence on bio-inspired design pedagogy is also discussed. The breadth of the analogy categories is sufficient to capture the knowledge transferred from biology to engineering for bio-inspired design. The analogy categories are a design method independent tool and are applicable for professional product design, research, and teaching purposes.

scholarly journals РУСКАТА И БЪЛГАРСКАТА ЛЕКСИКА ЗА ОЗНАЧАВАНЕ НА РАЗДЯЛА: СЪПОСТАВИТЕЛЕН ЕТНОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕН АСПЕКТ/RUSSIAN AND BULGARIAN LEXIS DENOTING SEPARATION: A CONTRASTIVE ETHNOLINGUISTIC VIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (03) ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Irina Sedakova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
Distinct Features

The article analyzes the semantics, usage and stylistic features of Russian and Bulgarian derivatives from the common Slavic roots děl-, lǫč- and sta- denoting different aspects of the separation of people. The author’s goal is to identify shared and distinct features in the micro-thematic lexical groups and the potential of each of the three roots in the two languages. The investigation is founded on lexicographic, folklore and ethnographic data. The analysis shows that the languages differ in terms of the neutral hyperonym denoting separation (Bulgarian разделям се, Russian расставаться), the internal grammatical asymmetry of the Russian verbs расставаться – *расставать, the richer choice of suffixes used in Russian, etc. The two languages share the poetical markedness of the words разлъка / разлука, richness of the lexis denoting the separation of lovers or spouses, etc. Keywords: contrastive analysis, ethnolinguistics, lexis denoting separation, Bulgarian language, Russian language

Societal Change and Wisdom: Insights from the World after Covid Project

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Grossmann ◽  
Oliver Twardus ◽  
Michael E. W. Varnum ◽  
Eranda Jayawickreme ◽  
John McLevey
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Societal Change ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
The World ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Societal Changes ◽  
Time Capsule ◽  
The Common

How will the world change as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic? What can people do to best adapt to the societal changes ahead? To answer these questions, over the course of the summer-fall 2020 we launched the World After COVID Project, interviewing more than 50 of the world’s leading scholars in the behavioral and social sciences, including fellows of national academies and presidents of major scientific societies. Experts independently shared their thoughts on what effects the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our societies and provided advice for successful response to new challenges and opportunities. Using mixed-method and natural language processing analyses, we distilled and analyzed these predictions and suggestions, observing a diversity of scenarios. Results also show that half of the experts approach their post-Covid predictions dialectically, highlighting both positive and negative features of the same prediction. Moreover, prosocial goals and meta-cognition—two chief tenants of the Common Wisdom model—were evident in their recommendations for how to cope with possible changes. The project provides a time capsule of experts’ predictions during major societal changes. We discuss implications for strengthening focus on prediction (vs. mere explanation) in psychological science as well as the value of uncertainty and dialecticism in forecasting.

Upholding “Colonial Unknowing” Through the IRB: Reframing Institutional Research Ethics

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1056-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheeva Sabati
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Institutional Research ◽  
Origin Stories ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
A Site

This article considers the institutionalization of research ethics as a site of “colonial unknowing” in which the racial colonial entanglements of academic research and institutions are obscured. I examine the origin stories situating Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) as a response to cases of exceptional violence, most notably the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, within an otherwise neutral history of research. I then consider how the 2018 revisions to the Common Rule extend “colonial unknowing” by decontextualizing the forms of risk involved in social and behavioral research. I situate these complicities as necessary starting points toward anticolonial research ethics of “answerability.”

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