Alternative RNA Splicing and Editing: A Functional Molecular Tool Directed to Successful Protein Synthesis in Plants

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Regina Sharmila Dass ◽  
Pooja Thorat ◽  
Rathijit Mallick
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Molecular Tool

Heat shock proteins affect RNA processing during the heat shock response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1062-1068
Author(s):  
H J Yost ◽  
S Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Shock Response ◽  
Shock Proteins

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the splicing of mRNA precursors is disrupted by a severe heat shock. Mild heat treatments prior to severe heat shock protect splicing from disruption, as was previously reported for Drosophila melanogaster. In contrast to D. melanogaster, protein synthesis during the pretreatment is not required to protect splicing in yeast cells. However, protein synthesis is required for the rapid recovery of splicing once it has been disrupted by a sudden severe heat shock. Mutations in two classes of yeast hsp genes affect the pattern of RNA splicing during the heat shock response. First, certain hsp70 mutants, which overproduce other heat shock proteins at normal temperatures, show constitutive protection of splicing at high temperatures and do not require pretreatment. Second, in hsp104 mutants, the recovery of RNA splicing after a severe heat shock is delayed compared with wild-type cells. These results indicate a greater degree of specialization in the protective functions of hsps than has previously been suspected. Some of the proteins (e.g., members of the hsp70 and hsp82 gene families) help to maintain normal cellular processes at higher temperatures. The particular function of hsp104, at least in splicing, is to facilitate recovery of the process once it has been disrupted.

Mini-Introduction to Bioinformatics

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ross ◽  
Igor Schreiber ◽  
Marcel O. Vlad
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Transcription Initiation ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Genome Wide

There is enormous interest in the biology of complex reaction systems, be it in metabolism, signal transduction, gene regulatory networks, protein synthesis, and many others. The field of the interpretation of experiments on such systems by application of the methods of information science, computer science, and biostatistics is called bioinformatics (see for a presentation of this subject). Part of it is an extension of the chemical approaches that we have discussed for obtaining information on the reaction mechanisms of complex chemical systems to complex biological and genetic systems. We present here a very brief introduction to this field, which is exploding with scientific and technical activity. No review is intended, only an indication of several approaches on the subject of our book, with apologies for the omission of vast numbers of publications. A few reminders: The entire complement of DNA molecules constitute the genome, which consists of many genes. RNA is generated from DNA in a process called transcription; the RNA that codes for proteins is known as messenger RNA, abbreviated tomRNA. Other RNAs code for functional molecules such as transfer RNAs, ribosomal components, and regulatory molecules, or even have enzymatic function. Protein synthesis is regulated by many mechanisms, including that for transcription initiation, RNA splicing (in eukaryotes), mRNA transport, translation initiation, post-translational modifications, and degradation of mRNA. Proteins perform perhaps most cellular functions. Advances in microarray technology, with the use of cDNA or oligonucleotides immobilized in a predefined organization on a solid phase, have led to measurements of mRNA expression levels on a genome-wide scale (see chapter 3). The results of the measurements can be displayed on a plot on which a row represents one gene at various times, a column the whole set of genes, and the time of gene expression is plotted along the axis of rows. The changes in expression levels, as measured by fluorescence, are indicated by colors, for example green for decreased expression, black for no change in expression, and red for increased expression. Responses in expression levels have been measured for various biochemical and physiological conditions. We turn now to a few methods of obtaining information on genomic networks from microarray measurements.

scholarly journals The Maize Zmsmu2 Gene Encodes a Putative RNA-Splicing Factor That Affects Protein Synthesis and RNA Processing during Endosperm Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 821-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taijoon Chung ◽  
Cheol Soo Kim ◽  
Hong N. Nguyen ◽  
Robert B. Meeley ◽  
Brian A. Larkins
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rna Processing ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Splicing Factor

scholarly journals The dynamic proteome of influenza A virus infection identifies M segment splicing as a host range determinant

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Bogdanow ◽  
Katrin Eichelbaum ◽  
Anne Sadewasser ◽  
Xi Wang ◽  
Immanuel Husic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Shotgun Proteomics ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Viral Protein Synthesis

SUMMARYA century ago, influenza A virus (IAV) infection caused the 1918 flu pandemic and killed an estimated 20-40 million people. Pandemic IAV outbreaks occur when strains from animal reservoirs acquire the ability to infect and spread among humans. The molecular details of this species barrier are incompletely understood. We combined metabolic pulse labeling and quantitative shotgun proteomics to globally monitor protein synthesis upon infection of human cells with a human-and a bird-adapted IAV strain. While production of host proteins was remarkably similar, we observed striking differences in the kinetics of viral protein synthesis over the course of infection. Most importantly, the matrix protein M1 was inefficiently produced by the bird-adapted strain at later stages. We show that impaired production of M1 from bird-adapted strains is caused by increased splicing of the M segment RNA to alternative isoforms. Experiments with reporter constructs and recombinant influenza viruses revealed that strain-specific M segment splicing is controlled by the 3’ splice site and functionally important for permissive infection. Independentin silicoevidence shows that avian-adapted M segments have evolved different conserved RNA structure features than human-adapted sequences. Thus, our data identifies M segment RNA splicing as a viral determinant of host range.

scholarly journals The dynamic proteome of influenza A virus infection identifies M segment splicing as a host range determinant

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Bogdanow ◽  
Xi Wang ◽  
Katrin Eichelbaum ◽  
Anne Sadewasser ◽  
Immanuel Husic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Rna Structure ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Viral Protein Synthesis ◽  
The Matrix

AbstractPandemic influenza A virus (IAV) outbreaks occur when strains from animal reservoirs acquire the ability to infect and spread among humans. The molecular basis of this species barrier is incompletely understood. Here we combine metabolic pulse labeling and quantitative proteomics to monitor protein synthesis upon infection of human cells with a human- and a bird-adapted IAV strain and observe striking differences in viral protein synthesis. Most importantly, the matrix protein M1 is inefficiently produced by the bird-adapted strain. We show that impaired production of M1 from bird-adapted strains is caused by increased splicing of the M segment RNA to alternative isoforms. Strain-specific M segment splicing is controlled by the 3′ splice site and functionally important for permissive infection. In silico and biochemical evidence shows that avian-adapted M segments have evolved different conserved RNA structure features than human-adapted sequences. Thus, we identify M segment RNA splicing as a viral host range determinant.

scholarly journals Nonsense Mutations Inhibit RNA Splicing in a Cell-Free System: Recognition of Mutant Codon Is Independent of Protein Synthesis

Cell ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Aoufouchi ◽  
José Yélamos ◽  
César Milstein
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Nonsense Mutations ◽  
Free System ◽  
Cell Free System ◽  
A Cell

scholarly journals Heat shock proteins affect RNA processing during the heat shock response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1062-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
H J Yost ◽  
S Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Proteins ◽  
Heat Shock Response ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Shock Response ◽  
Shock Proteins

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the splicing of mRNA precursors is disrupted by a severe heat shock. Mild heat treatments prior to severe heat shock protect splicing from disruption, as was previously reported for Drosophila melanogaster. In contrast to D. melanogaster, protein synthesis during the pretreatment is not required to protect splicing in yeast cells. However, protein synthesis is required for the rapid recovery of splicing once it has been disrupted by a sudden severe heat shock. Mutations in two classes of yeast hsp genes affect the pattern of RNA splicing during the heat shock response. First, certain hsp70 mutants, which overproduce other heat shock proteins at normal temperatures, show constitutive protection of splicing at high temperatures and do not require pretreatment. Second, in hsp104 mutants, the recovery of RNA splicing after a severe heat shock is delayed compared with wild-type cells. These results indicate a greater degree of specialization in the protective functions of hsps than has previously been suspected. Some of the proteins (e.g., members of the hsp70 and hsp82 gene families) help to maintain normal cellular processes at higher temperatures. The particular function of hsp104, at least in splicing, is to facilitate recovery of the process once it has been disrupted.

RNA splicing is interrupted by heat shock and is rescued by heat shock protein synthesis

Cell ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.Joseph Yost ◽  
Susan Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Rna Splicing

Homochirality as the Signature of Extra-Terrestrial Life

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 505-510
Author(s):  
Alexandra J. MacDermott ◽  
Laurence D. Barron ◽  
Andrè Brack ◽  
Thomas Buhse ◽  
John R. Cronin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Optical Rotation ◽  
Physical Origin ◽  
Natural Choice ◽  
Rosetta Mission ◽  
Terrestrial Life ◽  
Subsurface Layers ◽  
Solar System Bodies ◽  
Origin Of Homochirality

AbstractThe most characteristic hallmark of life is its homochirality: all biomolecules are usually of one hand, e.g. on Earth life uses only L-amino acids for protein synthesis and not their D mirror images. We therefore suggest that a search for extra-terrestrial life can be approached as a Search for Extra- Terrestrial Homochirality (SETH). The natural choice for a SETH instrument is optical rotation, and we describe a novel miniaturized space polarimeter, called the SETH Cigar, which could be used to detect optical rotation as the homochiral signature of life on other planets. Moving parts are avoided by replacing the normal rotating polarizer by multiple fixed polarizers at different angles as in the eye of the bee. We believe that homochirality may be found in the subsurface layers on Mars as a relic of extinct life, and on other solar system bodies as a sign of advanced pre-biotic chemistry. We discuss the chiral GC-MS planned for the Roland lander of the Rosetta mission to a comet and conclude with theories of the physical origin of homochirality.

Lymphocyte activity and protein synthesis

2001 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
DEREK C. MACALLAN
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lymphocyte Activity
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