scholarly journals Black-White Differences in Pregnancy Desire During the Transition to Adulthood

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-630
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Barber ◽  
Karen Benjamin Guzzo ◽  
Jamie Budnick ◽  
Yasamin Kusunoki ◽  
Sarah R. Hayford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Young Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Future Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract This article explores race differences in the desire to avoid pregnancy or become pregnant using survey data from a random sample of 914 young women (ages 18–22) living in a Michigan county and semi-structured interviews with a subsample of 60 of the women. In the survey data, desire for pregnancy, indifference, and ambivalence are very rare but are more prevalent among Black women than White women. In the semi-structured interviews, although few women described fatalistic beliefs or lack of planning for future pregnancies, Black and White women did so equally often. Women more often described fatalistic beliefs and lack of planning when retrospectively describing their past than when prospectively describing their future. Using the survey data to compare prospective desires for a future pregnancy with women's recollections of those desires after they conceived, more Black women shifted positive than shifted negative, and Black women were more likely to shift positive than White women—that is, Black women do not differentially retrospectively overreport prospectively desired pregnancies as having been undesired before conception. Young women's consistent (over repeated interviews) prospective expression of strong desire to avoid pregnancy and correspondingly weak desire for pregnancy, along with the similarity of Black and White women's pregnancy plans, lead us to conclude that a “planning paradigm”—in which young women are encouraged and supported in implementing their pregnancy desires—is probably appropriate for the vast majority of young women and, most importantly, is similarly appropriate for Black and White young women.

Race Differences in Feminism and Guilt

1981 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Slane ◽  
Lisa Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Women's Liberation ◽  
Women's Liberation Movement ◽  
Sexual Guilt ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Liberation Movement ◽  
Women’S Liberation

A measure of feminism and Mosher's Forced-choice Guilt Inventory, which assesses sexual guilt, guilt about hostility, morality conscience, and total guilt, were administered to 179 white and 34 black women. Correlations indicated that women high on feminism scored lower on the four measures than nonfeminists. Black and white women did not differ in strength of feminist beliefs, but separate correlations performed for black and white women indicated that for black women feminism was related to less guilt about hostility while in white women feminism was related to less sexual guilt and morality conscience but was unrelated to guilt about hostility. The results suggest that the underrepresentation of black women in the women's liberation movement reflects the different needs of black and white women, not differences in strength of feminist beliefs.

Geographical disparities of incidence and prevalence of triple-negative breast cancers: Multistate study data analysis.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e12599-e12599
Author(s):  
Hyein Jeon ◽  
Myeong Lee ◽  
Mohammed Jaloudi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
White Women ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
The State ◽  
Luminal A ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Black And White ◽  
State Effect

e12599 Background: Higher prevalence of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) in black women with associated poor outcomes due to various disparities is well documented within a single state. We examine multiple states to better understand the state effect on such differences in incidence and prevalence of TNBC in black women. Methods: Female patients of ages 19 years old and above with breast cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program across 13 states (608 counties) from 2015 (n = 66,444) and 2016 (n = 66,122) were examined. The relationships between the proportion of black and white women and the rate of patients with different tumor subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, HR-HER2+, and triple negative) were examined at the county level using ordinary least-square regression models. In parallel, due to consideration of various state-specific healthcare policies, socio-cultural norms, and socio-economic disparities, multi-level regression models were applied to examine the nested, random effect of each state on TNBC prevalence in each county. Bonferroni correction was applied to reduce the Type I error caused by repeated use of the same variables in multiple tests. Results: The baseline breast cancer rates between black and white women were similar in the population (0.171% for black and 0.168% for white). Consistent to previous studies, we demonstrate a significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) in TNBC in black females in both years. Surprisingly, when accounted for the random effects on states, 38.2% (2015) and 34.3% (2016) increase in incidence of TNBC in black females were seen, suggestive of state-specific disparity affecting race-specific health. In 2015, other subtypes of breast cancer in both black and white females did not result in significant relationship. Interestingly, in 2016, there was a significant relationship seen between the TNBC rate in white females and the white female population rate only after adjusting for the state effect (p = 0.026). This indicates the impact of non-biological factors such as state-wide health policies. Additionally, HR-HER2+ black females had a significant relationship against respective population rate only after adjusting for the state effect as well (p = 0.0394). For luminal A white females, a 15% decrease in incidence was seen after adjusting for state effect (p = 0.0424). Conclusions: This is the first known across-state examination of breast cancer subtypes by race with random effects on state. This study shows the role of state-specific factors affecting incidence in black and white females and potentially indicates the importance of state-level management for breast cancer on health disparities in addition to race-driven effects. Further studies are needed to elucidate comparable differences between states affecting the rates of various subtypes of breast cancer and thus health outcomes.

Abstract MP008: Racial Differences in Total, Free, and Bioavailable 25(OH)D and PTH Levels and CVD Risk Among Postmenopausal Women

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Wanzhu Tu ◽  
Lesley Tinker ◽  
JoAnn E Manson ◽  
Simin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Circulating Levels

Background: Recent evidence suggests that racial differences in circulating levels of free or bioavailable 25(OH)D rather than total 25(OH)D may explain the apparent racial disparities in cardiovascular disease(CVD).However, few prospective studies have directly tested this hypothesis. Objective: Our study prospectively examined black white differences in the associations of total, free, and bioavailable 25(OH)D, vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels at baseline with incident CVD in a large, multi-ethnic, geographically diverse cohort of postmenopausal women. Method: We conducted a case-cohort study among 79,705 black and non-Hispanic white postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years and free of CVD at baseline in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS). We included a randomly chosen subcohort of 1,300 black and 1,500 white noncases at baseline and a total of 550 black and 1,500 white women who developed incident CVD during the follow up. We directly measured circulating levels of total 25(OH)D, VDBP (monoclonal antibody assay), albumin, and PTH and calculated free and bioavailable vitamin D levels. Weighted Cox proportional hazards models were used while adjusting for known CVD risk factors. Results: At baseline, white women had higher mean levels of total 25(OH)D and VDBP and lower mean levels of free and bioavailable 25(OH)D and PTH than black women (all P values < 0.0001). White cases had lower levels of total 25(OH)D and VDBP and higher levels of PTH than white noncases, while black cases had higher levels of PTH than black noncases (all P values < 0.05). There was a trend toward an increased CVD risk associated with low total 25(OH)D and VDBP levels or elevated PTH levels in both US black and white women. In the multivariable analyses, the total, free, and bioavailable 25(OH)D, and VDBP were not significantly associated with CVD risk in black or white women. A statistically significant association between higher PTH levels and increased CVD risk persisted in white women, however. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] comparing the extreme quartiles of PTH were 1.37 (95% CI: 1.06-1.77; P-trend=0.02) for white women and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.79-1.58; P-trend=0.37) for black women. This positive association among white women was also independent of total, free, and bioavailable 25(OH)D or VDBP. There were no significant interactions with other pre-specified factors, including BMI, season of blood draw, sunlight exposure, recreational physical activity, sitting time, or renal function. Interpretation: Findings from a large multiethnic case-cohort study of US black and white postmenopausal women do not support the notion that circulating levels of vitamin D biomarkers may explain black-white disparities in CVD but indicate that PTH excess may be an independent risk factor for CVD in white women.

Sex and Race Differences in the Risk of Ischemic Stroke Associated With Fasting Blood Glucose in REGARDS

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012296
Author(s):  
Tracy E. Madsen ◽  
D. Leann Long ◽  
April P. Carson ◽  
George Howard ◽  
Dawn O. Kleindorfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Background:To investigate sex and race differences in the association between fasting blood glucose (FBG) and risk of ischemic stroke (IS).Methods:This prospective longitudinal cohort study included adults age ≥45 years at baseline in the Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study, followed for a median of 11.4 years. The exposure was baseline FBG (mg/dL); suspected IS events were ascertained by phone every 6 months and were physician-adjudicated. Cox proportional hazards were used to assess the adjusted sex/race-specific associations between FBG (by category and as a restricted cubic spline) and incident IS.Results:Of 20,338 participants, mean age was 64.5(SD 9.3) years, 38.7% were Black, 55.4% were women, 16.2% were using diabetes medications, and 954 IS events occurred. Compared to FBG <100, FBG ≥150 was associated with 59% higher hazards of IS (95%CI 1.21-2.08) and 61% higher hazards of IS among those on diabetes medications (95%CI 1.12-2.31). The association between FBG and IS varied by race/sex (HR, FBG ≥ 150 vs. FBG <100: White women 2.05 (95% CI 1.23-3.42), Black women 1.71 (95%CI 1.10-2.66), Black men 1.24 (95%CI 0.75-2.06), White men 1.46 (95%CI 0.93-2.28), pFBG*race/sex=0.004). Analyses using FBG splines suggest that sex was the major contributor to differences by race/sex subgroups.Conclusions:Sex differences in the strength and shape of the association between FBG and IS are likely driving the significant differences in the association between FBG and IS across race/sex subgroups. These findings should be explored further and may inform tailored stroke prevention guidelines.

Abstract MP038: Age at Menarche is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in Young Adulthood: the CARDIA Study

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Dreyfus ◽  
Pamela J Schreiner ◽  
Mercedes R Carnethon ◽  
Hilary Whitham ◽  
Richard Maclehose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Young Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Baseline Bmi ◽  
Menarche Age

Introduction: Recent studies report an association between early age at menarche and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, information in young women is limited to self-reported diabetes in primarily white populations. We explored the association of age at menarche and clinically-defined T2D among young black and white women (mean age 25 at baseline) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that the rate for T2D will decrease with each 1 year increase in age at menarche. Methods: Our analysis included 1,258 white and 1,341 black women (total=2,599) who participated in CARDIA during 1985-2006. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for T2D (yes/no as determined at clinic visits) by continuous age at menarche. We excluded women with diabetes at baseline, missing age at menarche, or menarche <8 or >18 years. T2D was defined cumulatively from baseline among non-pregnant women as fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl, A1C ≥ 6.5%, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance ≥ 200 mg/dl, or use of diabetes medication. Adjusted models included race (except race stratified models) and parental history of diabetes, as well as baseline age, education, and BMI as covariates. Results: Mean age at menarche was 12.6 years (SD=1.5; black=12.5, white=12.7). We identified 176 cases of T2D over 20 years of follow-up (cumulative incidence=6.8%). Among all women, the rate for T2D decreased by 16% for each 1 year increase in menarche age ( Table 1 ); we found no evidence of nonlinearity. HRs remained protective, but no longer statistically significant after adjustment for BMI. HRs were lower for white women compared to black women, although a test for race by menarche age interaction was not significant (p=0.26). Conclusions: We found evidence to support the hypothesis that early menarche increases the rate for T2D among young women. Higher baseline BMI among women with earlier menarche appears to attenuate the association of age at menarche and future glucose metabolism. Table 1. Hazard Ratio (HR) of Type 2 Diabetes for Each One Year Increase in Age at Menarche in the CARDIA Study, 1985-2006 Crude Model 1 Model 2 # T2D HR 95% CI HR 95% CI HR 95% CI All Women 176 0.84 0.76, 0.93 0.88 0.79, 0.98 0.94 0.85, 1.04 White 46 0.78 0.64, 0.96 0.83 0.68, 1.02 0.93 0.76, 1.16 Black 130 0.90 0.80, 1.01 0.90 0.80, 1.02 0.96 0.85, 1.08 Model 1: adjusted for race (except for race-stratified models), family history of diabetes, baseline age, and participant level of education at baseline (<HS, HS, >HS) Model 2: adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus baseline BMI

scholarly journals New onset of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy in a prospective multiracial cohort

Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (24) ◽  
pp. e3438-e3447
Author(s):  
Muzi Na ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
Mengying Li ◽  
Stefanie N. Hinkle ◽  
Cuilin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Restless Legs Syndrome ◽  
White Women ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Restless Legs ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
In Pregnancy

ObjectiveTo determine whether the incidence and risk factors of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in pregnancy differ by race/ethnicity, we estimated relative risks of demographic, socioeconomic, and nutritional factors in association with risk of any incident RLS in pregnancy in a cohort of 2,704 healthy pregnant women without prior RLS.MethodsUsing data from the multicenter, multiracial National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Fetal Growth Studies–Singletons, we examined the incidence of RLS from early pregnancy to near delivery through up to 6 assessments. Multivariable Poisson models with robust variance were applied to estimate relative risks (RRs).ResultsThe cumulative incidence of RLS in pregnancy was 18.1% for all women, 20.3% for White women, 15.4% for Black women, 17.1% for Hispanic women, and 21.1% for Asian women. Among Hispanic women, older age (RR [reference ≤25 years]: 25–35 years, 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–2.16; ≥35 years, 1.58; 95% CI 0.93–2.68), anemia (RR [reference no]: yes, 2.47; 95% CI 1.31–4.64), and greater total skinfolds of the subscapular and triceps sites, independent of body mass index (RR [reference quartile 1]: quartile 5, 2.54; 95% CI 1.30–4.97; p trend = 0.01) were associated with higher risk of RLS, while multiparity was associated with a lower risk (RR [reference nulliparity]: 0.69; 95% CI 0.50–0.96). In Black women, greater skinfolds and waist circumference were associated with higher risk of pregnancy RLS, although the trends were less clear.ConclusionsThe incidence of RLS in pregnancy was high and differed by race/ethnicity, which is likely accounted for by differences in other risk factors, such as age, parity, and nutritional factors.

The Natural Hair Bias in Job Recruitment

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062093793
Author(s):  
Christy Zhou Koval ◽  
Ashleigh Shelby Rosette
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
White Female ◽  
Job Interview ◽  
Natural Hair ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Job Recruitment

Across four studies, we demonstrate a bias against Black women with natural hairstyles in job recruitment. In Study 1, participants evaluated profiles of Black and White female job applicants across a variety of hairstyles. We found that Black women with natural hairstyles were perceived to be less professional, less competent, and less likely to be recommended for a job interview than Black women with straightened hairstyles and White women with either curly or straight hairstyles. We replicated these findings in a controlled experiment in Study 2. In Study 3A and 3B, we found Black women with natural hairstyles received more negative evaluations when they applied for a job in an industry with strong dress norms. Taken together, this article advances the research on biases in the labor market in the age of social media use and highlights the importance of taking an intersectional approach when studying inequity in the workplace.

Black and White Women's Attitudes toward Interracial Marriage

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela S. Paset ◽  
Ronald D. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Interracial Marriage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Response Scale ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Black And White

50 white women and 50 black women, US citizens between the ages 18 and 23 years, were asked to rate their attitudes about interracial marriage on a 10-point response scale. The white women were somewhat more favorable, if not significantly so, than the black women about men and women of their race marrying persons of another race. However, scorers at the extremes of the scale were significantly different. The white women tended to cluster at the scale extreme favoring interracial marriage, whereas the black women tended to cluster at the other unfavorable extreme. Implications and research needs are discussed.

scholarly journals Association of Resting Heart Rate With Blood Pressure and Incident Hypertension Over 30 Years in Black and White Adults

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 692-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Colangelo ◽  
Yuichiro Yano ◽  
David R. Jacobs ◽  
Donald M. Lloyd-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
White Women ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
White Men ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Incident Hypertension ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Hazard Ratios

Few studies have assessed the association of resting heart rate (RHR) through young adulthood with incident hypertension by middle age. We investigated the association between RHR measured over 30 years with incident hypertension in a cohort of young Black and White men and women. A joint longitudinal time-to-event model consisting of a mixed random effects submodel, quadratic in follow-up time, and a survival submodel adjusted for confounders, was used to determine hazard ratios for a 10 bpm higher RHR. Race-sex specific effects were examined in a single joint model that included interactions of race-sex groups with longitudinal RHR. Out of 5115 participants enrolled in year 0 (1985–1986), after excluding prevalent cases of hypertension at baseline, 1615 men and 2273 women were included in the analytic cohort. Hypertension event rates per 1000 person-years were 42.5 and 25.7 in Black and White men, respectively, and 36.2 and 15.3 in Black and White women, respectively. The hazard ratios for a 10 bpm higher RHR were 1.47 (95% CI, 1.23–1.75), 1.51 (95% CI, 1.28–1.78), 1.48 (95% CI, 1.26–1.73), and 1.02, (95% CI, 0.89–1.17) for Black men, White men, White women, and Black women, respectively. Higher RHR during young adulthood is associated with a greater risk of incident hypertension by middle age. The association is similarly strong in Black men, White men, and White women, but absent in Black women, which may suggest racial differences in the effect of sympathetic nervous activity on hypertension among women.

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