scholarly journals Article 6: The Rights to Life, Survival, and Development

2022 ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Ziba Vaghri
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
The Government

Abstract‘A minimum income for every family with children should be secured by the government and reports should be available about its provision.’ (Eastern Europe)

New Approach for Comparison of Countries’ Achievements in Science Olympiads

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 53-68
Author(s):  
Mile JOVANOV ◽  
Marija MIHOVA ◽  
Bojan KOSTADINOV ◽  
Emil STANKOV
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
School Students ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
The Government ◽  
Valuable Content

There are several International Olympiads for secondary school students (for example, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and informatics). These Olympiads are not just a science competition, but a means to care for talent in the particular science. The goal of this paper is to identify the necessary topics important for good results at these international contests, and to compare the contest systems for the countries in South Eastern Europe, in the field of Informatics (Computer Science), as a region that is one of the prominent world regions in the context of high results in the international competitions. Here, we provide comparison through detailed analysis of several countries, and further we present a new approach that may be used to compare the achievements of the countries based on the results that students achieved at these competitions. Finally, we present an application of this approach on the results of some of the discussed countries compared to Macedonia. We strongly believe that the paper will provide a valuable content and approach for the entities involved in the organization of the contests, to measure their results compared to other countries, to use the information for improvement, and to use their achievements to raise awareness among the government institutions and companies in order to get support from them.

Self-employed surfers, universal credit and the minimally decent life

Legal Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Christopher Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
The Self ◽  
Tax Credits ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Wage Labour ◽  
The Social ◽  
Decent Life ◽  
The Government

Abstract As part of its response to Covid-19 the government paused the use of the ‘Minimum Income Floor’ (MIF), which restricts the Universal Credit (UC) entitlement of the self-employed. This paper places the MIF in the wider context of conditionality in the social security system and considers a judicial review which claimed that the MIF was discriminatory. The paper focuses on how UC affects the availability of real choices for low-income citizens to limit or escape from wage labour, with two implications of the move to UC highlighted. First, the overlooked labour decommodifying aspect of tax credits, which provided a minimum income guarantee and a genuine alternative to wage labour for people who self-designated as ‘self-employed’, even if their earnings were minimal or non-existent, has been removed. Secondly, UC has in some respects improved the position of low-paid wage labourers in ‘mini-jobs’, who are not subject to conditionality once they work for the equivalent of approximately nine hours a week on the minimum wage.

Game Analysis on Problem of Food Safety in the Agricultural Products Supply Chain

2010 ◽  
Vol 20-23 ◽  
pp. 1040-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Hua Shi ◽  
Zi Lai Sun ◽  
Kun Jing Dong
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
The Game Theory ◽  
The Government ◽  
Material Conditions

Food is the most basic material conditions of survival and development of human society, its security situation is relation to the health and safety of consumer directly. This paper analyze the reasons of causing problems of food quality and safety in the agricultural products supply chain from the perspective of the game theory as well as the government incentive and regulatory mechanisms affect the decision-making of farmers and food producers respectively. In the game between crop growers - farmers and food producers, the government play the outsider role and should give farmers subsidies to encourage them to grow high-quality green crops, as far as possible to ensure food safety from the source. In the game between producers and regulators, the government, as the game participant, should be asked to improve the supervision efficiency and the control ability to prevent unqualified food products entering the market.

Concepts for reconstruction of the maritime economy of the polish underground state...in the years 1940–1944

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (324) ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
Bogdan Chrzanowski
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Maritime Economy ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Polish Government ◽  
The Military

The regaining of the country’s independence, and then its revival after the war damages, including itseconomic infrastructure – these were the tasks set by the Polish government in exile, first in Paris and thenin London. The maritime economy was to play an important role here. The Polish government was fullyaware of the enormous economic and strategic benefits resulting from the fact that it had a coast, withthe port of Gdynia before the war. It was assumed that both in Gdynia and in the ports that were to belongto Poland after the war: Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, Gdańsk, Elbląg, Królewiec, the economic structure was to betransformed, and they were to become the supply points for Central and Eastern Europe. Work on thereconstruction of the post-war maritime economy was mainly carried out by the Ministry of Industry, Tradeand Shipping. In London, in 1942–1943, a number of government projects were set up to rebuild the entiremaritime infrastructure. All projects undertaken in exile were related to activities carried out by individualunderground divisions of the Polish Underground State domestically, i.e. the “Alfa” Naval Department of theHome Army Headquarters, the Maritime Department of the Military Bureau of Industry and Trade of the Headof the Military Bureau of the Home Army Headquarters and the Maritime Department of the Departmentof Industry Trade and Trade Delegation of the Government of the Republic of Poland in Poland. The abovementionedorganizational units also prepared plans for the reconstruction of the maritime economy, and theprojects developed in London were sent to the country. They collaborated here and a platform for mutualunderstanding was found.

Constitutional Courts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armen Mazmanyan
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
Independent Judiciary ◽  
The Government

This chapter considers the role of the courts, which is expected to be critical for electoral integrity through upholding voting rights; examining legal appeals, petitions, and complaints in specific cases; and evaluating the constitutionality of electoral procedures. In many countries, constitutional courts have often played a vital role in judging legal complaints about electoral malpractices. This process is particularly important in democratic states with an independent judiciary. By contrast, in autocratic states, the judiciary is often believed to be in the pockets of ruling parties, although this assumption has been challenged where the courts ruled against the government. Through examining cases in eastern Europe this chapter considers the role and independence of the courts as a check and balance both on the legislature and executive branches.

Democratic Socialism in Europe

1950 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-113
Author(s):  
Adolf Sturmthal
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Democratic Socialism ◽  
Western Germany ◽  
The Government ◽  
Opposition Group ◽  
First Time

The departure of the French Socialists from the government early in 1950, even though they returned in a few months, marked the end of a stage of postwar history in Europe. For the first time since liberation France was governed by a coalition in which the Socialists were no longer represented. At the same time the Socialists were in the opposition in Belgiumand Western Germany as well and limited to little influence upon the Italian and Swiss governments. Austria, Great Britain, and Scandinavia were the only countries in which the Socialists are strongly represented in their governments. Roughly speaking then, Europe is divided into three zones according to the degree of power of democratic socialism: Eastern Europe—bordered on the West by a line running from Trieste to Lübeck—where the democratic Socialist parties have been absorbed by the Communist parties; Northwestern Europe—Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden, Denmark)—under predominant Socialist influence; and the rest of Continental Europe where the the Socialists are a more or less powerful opposition group. Spain and Portugal in the South and Greece and Turkey in the Southeast are left outside ofthe scope of our study owing to the peculiar and non-democratic structure of these countries.

scholarly journals The right(s) and minimum income in hard times: Southern and Eastern Europe compared

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Natili ◽  
Matteo Jessoula ◽  
Ilaria Madama ◽  
Manos Matsaganis
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Minimum Income ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
The Right

Public Trust in the New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Hibbing ◽  
Samuel C. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
New Democracies ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Political Awareness ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Public Opinion Surveys ◽  
The Government

After the collapse of the Soviet empire, democratic parliamentary elections were conducted in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and new parliaments convened, in the early 1990s. How much confidence did citizens in these new democracies have in their new parliament? Under what conditions is citizens' trust in parliament meagre or ample? Public opinion surveys conduced in 1990–1 in nine countries – Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, and Ukraine – provide data for analysing citizens', trusting or distrusting orientations. Parliamentary trust is significantly influenced by perceptions of economic conditions, and by confidence in politicians and government generally but, surprisingly, not much affected by political awareness or involvement levels, political efficacy, or social class differentials. These findings indicate that public confidence in these parliaments will grow with economic prosperity and the demonstrated effectiveness of the government to govern.

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