The History of Obesity and Its Distribution by Social Class and Geography

2017 ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Joshua
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Obesity

scholarly journals The vicious cycle: a history of obesity and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Bil ◽  
Olga Możeńska
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Obesity Paradox ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
History Of Obesity

AbstractRecently, we face a surge in the fast-forward Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with nearly 170 million confirmed cases and almost 3.5 million confirmed deaths at the end of May 2021. Obesity, also known as the pandemic of the 21st century, has been evolving as an adverse prognostic marker. Obesity is associated with a higher risk of being SARS-CoV-2-positive (46%), as well as hospitalization (113%) and death (48%) due to COVID-19. It is especially true for subjects with morbid obesity. Also, observational studies suggest that in the case of COVID-19, no favorable “obesity paradox” is observed. Therefore, it is postulated to introduce a new entity, i.e., coronavirus disease-related cardiometabolic syndrome (CIRCS). In theory, it applies to all stages of COVID-19, i.e., prevention, acute proceedings (from COVID-19 diagnosis to resolution or three months), and long-term outcomes. Consequently, lifestyle changes, glycemic control, and regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway have crucial implications for preventing and managing subjects with COVID-19. Finally, it is crucial to use cardioprotective drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers and statins. Nevertheless, there is the need to conduct prospective studies and registries better to evaluate the issue of obesity in COVID-19 patients.

From Pittacus to Byzantium: the history of a Callimachean epigram

1995 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 474-480
Author(s):  
Enrico Livrea
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Sharp Point ◽  
History Of

Callimachus,ep. 1 Pfeiffer (= LIV Gow-Page =AP7.89) relates an anecdote about Pittacus: when consulted by a stranger from Atarneus who was wondering whether to marry a woman of his own social class or one of a higher status, he suggests the question is answered by the cries of the children playing with tops, τν κατ ｃαντν ἔλα. The chequered history of the transmission and interpretation of the poem is beset by a number of unfavourable or patronizing judgements which, I hope to show, have their origin in a series of misunderstandings. The poem seems to lack the sharp point characteristic of epigrams, and indeed Gow-Page go so far as to pronounce that it ‘has no claim to be called an epigram at all’. We now have a number of valuable parallels for the unusual length of the piece, but grave doubts continue to be expressed about the Callimachean authorship of the poem. While Diogenes Laertius (henceforth referred to as ‘D.L.’), who quotes the poem in his life of Pittacus (1.79ff.), explicitly attributes it to καλλμαχοఁ ν τοῖఁ ’Epsilon;πιγρμμαఁιν, in P and PI there is no ascription at all: there our epigram has been mistakenly consigned to the ’ɛπιτμβια simply becauseAP7.81 (= Antipater XXXIV Gow-Page), on the Seven Sages, is followed by some fifty epigrams on them and other philosophers, all (save three) derived from D.L. In the Palatine ms. there survive traces of the questions raised by this poem, though—surprisingly—both Pfeiffer and Gow-Page fail to report them.

Effect of exercise on lipid profile in males and females with a history of obesity in their first-degree relative

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Anubhav Dwivedi ◽  
Pravesh Kumar ◽  
Jalaj Saxena ◽  
Munish Rastogi ◽  
Chitra Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Degree Relative ◽  
History Of ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
History Of Obesity

scholarly journals Massive Myocardial Calcification—A Heart Of Stone!

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Tinoco ◽  
Pedro Von Hafe ◽  
Sérgio Leite ◽  
Margarida Oliveira ◽  
Olga Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Troponin I ◽  
Nyha Class ◽  
Mitral Annulus ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
Myocardial Calcification ◽  
Septal Thickness ◽  
Mitral Annulus Calcification ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Obesity

Abstract A 71-year-old female was admitted in the emergency room after effort-related syncope. She had past medical history of obesity and hypertension treated with lercanidipine. No relevant family history. Physical examination revealed systolic murmur (grade 2/6). ECG showed sinus rhythm and left bundle brunch block (Supplementary figure). Lab results were unremarkable including troponin I. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed moderate left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy [septal thickness 14 mm (normal: 6–9mm)], extensive mitral annulus calcification (MAC) with exuberant myocardial calcification at the level of posterior leaflet that invaded adjacent LV walls, systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet causing LV outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction (maximum gradient 34 mmHg) and moderate mitral regurgitation (MR) (Panel A). Exercise echocardiogram provoked LVOT gradient >100mmHg and severe MR. Continuous ECG monitoring during 13 days demonstrated no arrhythmic events. Cardiac CT showed multiple calcifications extending from mitral annulus to LV anterior and lateral walls and cardiac MRI was compatible with caseous MAC (Panels B-F). Coronary angiography showed 50% stenosis of mid left anterior descending artery. Normal thoracic CT and ACE, and negative IGRA excluded sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Comprehensive study, including calcium metabolism and autoantibodies, excluded metabolic and inflammatory aetiologies of myocardial calcification, which was assumed as dystrophic in the context of MAC. No syncope occurred after bisoprolol 2.5 mg, oral rehydration and discontinuation of lercanidipine. However, rest and exercise TTE failed to show improvement of LVOT gradient or MR and patient remained on NYHA class II-III, despite maximal tolerated dose of bisoprolol (5 mg), being therefore referred to cardiac surgery.

Differences in Mechanisms Between Weight Reduction Sensitive and Insensitive Blood Pressure Reduction in Obese Subjects

Hypertension ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 725-725
Author(s):  
Kazuko Masuo ◽  
Hiroshi Mikami ◽  
Toshio Ogihara ◽  
Michael L Tuck
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Family History ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Blood Pressure Reduction ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Obesity

P180 This study was conducted to clarify the differences in mechanisms between weight reduction (WR) sensitive and insensitive BP reduction, and to evaluate the contribution of family history of obesity (FH) to WR-induced BP reduction. In 61 obese hypertensive men (HT, 28.1±0.9 kg/m2, 35±3 years, 171±6/106±5 mmHg) and 52 obese normotensive men (NT, 27.9±0.6 kg/m2, 34±4 years, 131±5/83±4 mmHg), BMI, BP, fasting plasma norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (Ang II), PRA, leptin, insulin were measured every 2 week for 24 weeks with weight loss program (low caloric diet 1000kcal, 7gNaCl + excercise≥1 hr/day). WR and WR sensitive BP reduction were defined as >10% reduction in BMI or mean BP at week 12. 64% of HT and 63% of NT succeeded in WR, and 59% of HT with WR (sensitive vs insensitive P<.05) and 70% of NT with WR (P<.01) were sensitive in BP reduction. When FH+ was defined as at least one parent was obese (BMI>27.0 kg/m2), prevalence of FH+ was higher in 86% of HT and 95% of NT who failed in WR, and higher in 94% of HT and 80% of NT with WR insensitive BP reduction. Only the subjects who succeeded in WR were analyzed in this study. At entry, BP, NE, Ang II, PRA and insulin were higher in HT than in NT, although BMI and leptin were similar. However, the parameters at entry were similar between WR sensitive and insensitive BP reduction in each NT and HT. The decrements (Δ) in BP, NE, Ang II, leptin,insulin were significantly greater in subjects with WR sensitive BP reduction than subjects with WR insensitive BP reduction regardless of BP status during the study, although ΔBMI was similar. Significant decreases in the parameters were noted in earlier period in subjects with WR sensitive BP reduction than in subjects with insensitive BP reduction, and in NT than in HT. In the 4 study groups regardless of BP status or WR induced BP reduction, the decrease in NE preceded BP decline, and the decreases in Ang II, insulin, leptin & PRA followed BP decline with WR. These results suggest that a family history of obesity appears to contribute closely to resistance in weight loss and also to WR insensitive BP reduction. Suppression on sympathetic overactivity is a major mechanism in WR induced BP reduction.

A PEDIATRIC-PSYCHIATRIC VIEWPOINT ON OBESITY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-556
Author(s):  
Reginald S. Lourie
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gastric Mucous ◽  
History Of Obesity ◽  
Excessive Quantity ◽  
Layer Concept

FROM the viewpoint of the pediatric psychiatrist, the problems of obesity, as seen clinically, can be thought of as having three layers. The first is constitutional, better described as physiologic, which may be broken down into genetic and structural elements. The second is psychologic, consisting of the values that food intake or the obesity itself come to have. The third layer is made of the cultural and social reactions to food and fat. These attitudes encountered inside and outside the home intermesh in their effects with the physiologic and psychologic levels. These, in turn, are also interwoven, until one cannot separate one layer from the other. However, when individual cases are scrutinized they reveal the pathology at one layer or the other to predominate and indicate where efforts to modify the abnormality might best be directed. Incidentally, the same levels operate on the other side of the coin, anorexia. From the practical point of view, let us consider the natural history of obesity and the clinical varieties one sees in practice, and let us see how the three-layer concept fits. First, as pointed out by Gordon, there is a tendency to be complacent or even pleased with obese infants. At level one, the physiologic, such constitutional factors as those present in the neonate born with an excessive quantity of pepsinogen secreted by the gastric mucous membrane could have the effect of producing as Mirsky points out, a relatively intense or even continuous hunger, and make greater demands on its mother for nursing.

The Strange Life and Presumed Death of Homo Economicus

2018 ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
Michael Harkin
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Economic Anthropology ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Classical Economics ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
History Of

This essay traces the history of economic anthropology as a critique of classical economics, focusing primarily on two issues: reciprocity and the cultural valuation of goods. Both areas provide strong counter-evidence to the model of Homo economicus. Additionally, an analysis of consumer-based subcultures, focusing primarily on craft beer, is carried out. Finally, links between consumer choice, personal identity and group membership, social class, and electoral politics in the Age of Trump, are suggested.

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