scholarly journals Updatable and Universal Common Reference Strings with Applications to zk-SNARKs

2018 ◽  
pp. 698-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Groth ◽  
Markulf Kohlweiss ◽  
Mary Maller ◽  
Sarah Meiklejohn ◽  
Ian Miers
Keyword(s):  
Common Reference

Twitter Usage Using Common Reference to Tinnitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-217
Author(s):  
Jianyuan Ni ◽  
Monica L. Bellon-Harn ◽  
Jiang Zhang ◽  
Yueqing Li ◽  
Vinaya Manchaiah
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Share Information

Objective The objective of the study was to examine specific patterns of Twitter usage using common reference to tinnitus. Method The study used cross-sectional analysis of data generated from Twitter data. Twitter content, language, reach, users, accounts, temporal trends, and social networks were examined. Results Around 70,000 tweets were identified and analyzed from May to October 2018. Of the 100 most active Twitter accounts, organizations owned 52%, individuals owned 44%, and 4% of the accounts were unknown. Commercial/for-profit and nonprofit organizations were the most common organization account owners (i.e., 26% and 16%, respectively). Seven unique tweets were identified with a reach of over 400 Twitter users. The greatest reach exceeded 2,000 users. Temporal analysis identified retweet outliers (> 200 retweets per hour) that corresponded to a widely publicized event involving the response of a Twitter user to another user's joke. Content analysis indicated that Twitter is a platform that primarily functions to advocate, share personal experiences, or share information about management of tinnitus rather than to provide social support and build relationships. Conclusions Twitter accounts owned by organizations outnumbered individual accounts, and commercial/for-profit user accounts were the most frequently active organization account type. Analyses of social media use can be helpful in discovering issues of interest to the tinnitus community as well as determining which users and organizations are dominating social network conversations.

Reimagining Intersectionality and Social Exclusion in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khosi Kubeka ◽  
Sharmla Rama
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
South African Context ◽  
Social Division ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
African Context

Combining the theories of intersectionality and social exclusion holds the potential for structural and nuanced interpretations of the workings of power, taking systemic issues seriously but interpreting them though social relations that appear in local contexts. An intersectional analysis of social exclusion demonstrates to what extent multiple axes of social division—be they race, age, gender, class, disability or citizenship—intersect to result in unequal and disparate experiences for groups of youth spatially located in particular communities and neighborhoods. A common reference point is therefore power and how it manifests at the intersection of the local and global. A South African case study is used to explore the subjective measures and qualitative experiences of intersectionality and social exclusion further. The unique ways that language intersects with space, neighborhood, and race in the South African context, enables opportunities in education and the labor market, with profound implications for forms of social exclusion.

scholarly journals GNSS-to-GNSS time offsets: study on the broadcast of a common reference time

GPS Solutions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Sesia ◽  
Giovanna Signorile ◽  
Tung Thanh Thai ◽  
Pascale Defraigne ◽  
Patrizia Tavella
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Reference Time ◽  
Single Time ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
Prediction Quality ◽  
Common Time ◽  
Time Offset ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low Uncertainty

AbstractWe present two different approaches to broadcasting information to retrieve the GNSS-to-GNSS time offsets needed by users of multi-GNSS signals. Both approaches rely on the broadcast of a single time offset of each GNSS time versus one common time scale instead of broadcasting the time offsets between each of the constellation pairs. The first common time scale is the average of the GNSS time scales, and the second time scale is the prediction of UTC already broadcast by the different systems. We show that the average GNSS time scale allows the estimation of the GNSS-to-GNSS time offset at the user level with the very low uncertainty of a few nanoseconds when the receivers at both the provider and user levels are fully calibrated. The use of broadcast UTC prediction as a common time scale has a slightly larger uncertainty, which depends on the broadcast UTC prediction quality, which could be improved in the future. This study focuses on the evaluation of two different common time scales, not considering the impact of receiver calibration, at the user and provider levels, which can nevertheless have an important impact on GNSS-to-GNSS time offset estimation.

scholarly journals Virus Infection of Aspergillus fumigatus Compromises the Fungus in Intermicrobial Competition

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 686
Author(s):  
Hasan Nazik ◽  
Ioly Kotta-Loizou ◽  
Gabriele Sass ◽  
Robert H. A. Coutts ◽  
David A. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
Strain Virus ◽  
Free Strain

Aspergillus and Pseudomonas compete in nature, and are the commonest bacterial and fungal pathogens in some clinical settings, such as the cystic fibrosis lung. Virus infections of fungi occur naturally. Effects on fungal physiology need delineation. A common reference Aspergillus fumigatus strain, long studied in two (of many) laboratories, was found infected with the AfuPmV-1 virus. One isolate was cured of virus, producing a virus-free strain. Virus from the infected strain was purified and used to re-infect three subcultures of the virus-free fungus, producing six fungal strains, otherwise isogenic. They were studied in intermicrobial competition with Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Pseudomonas culture filtrates inhibited forming or preformed Aspergillus biofilm from infected strains to a greater extent, also seen when Pseudomonas volatiles were assayed on Aspergillus. Purified iron-chelating Pseudomonas molecules, known inhibitors of Aspergillus biofilm, reproduced these differences. Iron, a stimulus of Aspergillus, enhanced the virus-free fungus, compared to infected. All infected fungal strains behaved similarly in assays. We show an important consequence of virus infection, a weakening in intermicrobial competition. Viral infection may affect the outcome of bacterial–fungal competition in nature and patients. We suggest that this occurs via alteration in fungal stress responses, the mechanism best delineated here is a result of virus-induced altered Aspergillus iron metabolism.

Combined fibre optic laser velocimeter and electronic speckle pattern interferometer with a common reference beam

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Valera ◽  
A F Doval ◽  
J D C Jones
Keyword(s):  
Speckle Pattern ◽  
Reference Beam ◽  
Fibre Optic ◽  
Common Reference

scholarly journals The American Marketing Association

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 538-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franck Cochoy
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Sociology Of Science ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
Coupling Procedure ◽  
Professional Body ◽  
History Of ◽  
Written Sources

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the sociological process behind the development of the American Marketing Association (AMA). It shows how the shift from isolated endeavors to an organized movement happened in marketing, how and why marketing pioneers merged to build a professional body and what this body provided to its community and to society at large. Design/methodology/approach – This paper studies the history of the AMA from the perspective of the sociology of science and relies on the marketing literature and other written sources. Findings – The paper shows that the AMA is both the result and the center of a coupling procedure. Isolated pioneers in the marketing field found it useful to communicate with those who were engaged in endeavors similar to their own. The meeting resulted in a dialog, and the dialog had necessitated the establishment of the AMA as a common reference point. The AMA provided the marketing community with a language and an institution that could help them to exist and move forward together. Originality/value – This paper provides an up to date account of the history of the AMA as well as a sociological analysis of its development.

Comments on "A parallel A/D converter array structure with common reference processing unit

1990 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1581
Author(s):  
H.T. Yung ◽  
K.S. Chao
Keyword(s):  
Processing Unit ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
Array Structure ◽  
Reference Processing

scholarly journals Credit procyclicality and financial regulation in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-478
Author(s):  
James Bernstein ◽  
Leroi Raputsoana ◽  
Eric Schaling
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Expansion Phase ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The Relationship

This study assesses the behaviour of credit extension over the business cycle in South Africa for the period 2000 to 2012. This is motivated by the proposal of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to look at credit extension over the business cycle as a reference guide for implementing countercyclical capital buffers for financial institutions. The study finds that credit extension in South increases during the trough phase, while the relationship between credit extension and the business cycle becomes insignificant during the peak phase. The study also finds that credit extension decreases during the expansion phase, while it increases during the contraction phase. Thus we do not find any evidence of procyclical behaviour of credit extension in South Africa, and the latter should therefore be used with caution and not as a mechanical rule based common reference guide for countercyclical capital buffers for financial institutions. 

scholarly journals Distance-Scaled Water Concentrations versus Mass-Median Drop Size, Temperature, and Altitude in Supercooled Clouds

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 2087-2106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard K. Jeck
Keyword(s):  
Stable Condition ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
Freezing Level ◽  
Convective Clouds ◽  
Stratiform Clouds ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
New Statistics ◽  
Mass Median

Abstract About 28 000 nautical miles (n mi) of select in-flight measurements of liquid water content (LWC), droplet sizes, temperature, and other variables in supercooled clouds from a variety of research projects over portions of North America, Europe, and the northern oceans have been compiled into a computerized database for obtaining new statistics on the ranges, frequency of occurrence, and interrelationships of the variables. The LWCs are averaged over uniform cloud intervals of variable length. LWC probabilities are then generated as a function of averaging distance, temperature, droplet mass-median diameter (MMD), altitude, and freezing-level height. These variously scaled LWCs (different averaging intervals from 1 s to 200 n mi) are easily accommodated by distance-based graphing (LWC versus averaging distance). These graphs provide realistic LWCs for modeling, and they can serve as a common reference for comparing LWC measurements over any averaging scale. Maximum recorded LWCs are about 1.6 g m−3 in stratiform clouds and about 5 g m−3 in convective clouds, both over short (<0.5 km) distances. A sharp MMD mode near 15 μm appears to be a stable condition in which the LWCs can be the largest and extend the farthest. The larger the MMD above the mode, the shorter its spatial extent will be, the rarer its occurrence, and the lower the maximum LWC that can be present.

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