The Four-Level Model of Planning and Decision Making

2018 ◽  
pp. 347-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Z. Zgurovsky ◽  
Alexander A. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Level Model

scholarly journals A top-level model of case-based argumentation for explanation: Formalisation and experiments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Henry Prakken ◽  
Rosa Ratsma
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Machine Learning Applications ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Case Based

This paper proposes a formal top-level model of explaining the outputs of machine-learning-based decision-making applications and evaluates it experimentally with three data sets. The model draws on AI & law research on argumentation with cases, which models how lawyers draw analogies to past cases and discuss their relevant similarities and differences in terms of relevant factors and dimensions in the problem domain. A case-based approach is natural since the input data of machine-learning applications can be seen as cases. While the approach is motivated by legal decision making, it also applies to other kinds of decision making, such as commercial decisions about loan applications or employee hiring, as long as the outcome is binary and the input conforms to this paper’s factor- or dimension format. The model is top-level in that it can be extended with more refined accounts of similarities and differences between cases. It is shown to overcome several limitations of similar argumentation-based explanation models, which only have binary features and do not represent the tendency of features towards particular outcomes. The results of the experimental evaluation studies indicate that the model may be feasible in practice, but that further development and experimentation is needed to confirm its usefulness as an explanation model. Main challenges here are selecting from a large number of possible explanations, reducing the number of features in the explanations and adding more meaningful information to them. It also remains to be investigated how suitable our approach is for explaining non-linear models.

scholarly journals To swim or not to swim: A population-level model of Xenopus tadpole decision making and locomotor behaviour

Biosystems ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Borisyuk ◽  
Robert Merrison-Hort ◽  
Steve R. Soffe ◽  
Stella Koutsikou ◽  
Wen-Chang Li
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Xenopus Tadpole ◽  
Locomotor Behaviour ◽  
Level Model

scholarly journals A Bi-Level Programming Approach to the Location-Routing Problem with Cargo Splitting under Low-Carbon Policies

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 2325
Author(s):  
Cong Wang ◽  
Zhongxiu Peng ◽  
Xijun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Location Routing Problem ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Location Routing ◽  
Level Model ◽  
The Impact

To identify the impact of low-carbon policies on the location-routing problem (LRP) with cargo splitting (LRPCS), this paper first constructs the bi-level programming model of LRPCS. On this basis, the bi-level programming models of LRPCS under four low-carbon policies are constructed, respectively. The upper-level model takes the engineering construction department as the decision-maker to decide on the distribution center’s location. The lower-level model takes the logistics and distribution department as the decision-maker to make decisions on the vehicle distribution route’s scheme. Secondly, the hybrid algorithm of Ant Colony Optimization and Tabu Search (ACO-TS) is designed, and an example is introduced to verify the model’s and algorithm’s effectiveness. Finally, multiple sets of experiments are designed to explore the impact of various low-carbon policies on the decision-making of the LRPCS. The experimental results show that the influence of the carbon tax policy is the greatest, the carbon trading and carbon offset policy have a certain impact on the decision-making of the LRPCS, and the influence of the emission cap policy is the least. Based on this, we provide the relevant low-carbon policies advice and management implications.

scholarly journals Fishnition: Developing Models From Cognition Toward Consciousness

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Droege ◽  
Natalie Schwob ◽  
Daniel J. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Animal Consciousness ◽  
Temporal Representation ◽  
Evolutionary Function ◽  
Level Model ◽  
High Level

A challenge to developing a model for testing animal consciousness is the pull of opposite intuitions. On one extreme, the anthropocentric view holds that consciousness is a highly sophisticated capacity involving self-reflection and conceptual categorization that is almost certainly exclusive to humans. At the opposite extreme, an anthropomorphic view attributes consciousness broadly to any behavior that involves sensory responsiveness. Yet human experience and observation of diverse species suggest that the most plausible case is that consciousness functions between these poles. In exploring the middle ground, we discuss the pros and cons of “high level” approaches such as the dual systems approach. According to this model, System 1 can be thought of as unconscious; processing is fast, automatic, associative, heuristic, parallel, contextual, and likely to be conserved across species. Consciousness is associated with System 2 processing that is slow, effortful, rule-based, serial, abstract, and exclusively human. An advantage of this model is the clear contrast between heuristic and decision-based responses, but it fails to include contextual decision-making in novel conditions which falls in between these two categories. We also review a “low level” model involving trace conditioning, which is a trained response to the first of two paired stimuli separated by an interval. This model highlights the role of consciousness in maintaining a stimulus representation over a temporal span, though it overlooks the importance of attention in subserving and also disrupting trace conditioning in humans. Through a critical analysis of these two extremes, we will develop the case for flexible behavioral response to the stimulus environment as the best model for demonstrating animal consciousness. We discuss a methodology for gauging flexibility across a wide variety of species and offer a case study in spatial navigation to illustrate our proposal. Flexibility serves the evolutionary function of enabling the complex evaluation of changing conditions, where motivation is the basis for goal valuation, and attention selects task-relevant stimuli to aid decision-making processes. We situate this evolutionary function within the Temporal Representation Theory of consciousness, which proposes that consciousness represents the present moment in order to facilitate flexible action.

Intelligent Agents for Competitive Advantage

2011 ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Mahesh Raisinghani ◽  
John H. Nugent
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Telecommunications Networks ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Level Model ◽  
High Level

This chapter presents a high-level model for employing intelligent agents in business management processes, much like has been successfully accomplished in complex telecommunications networks, in order to gain competitive advantage by timely, rapidly, and effectively using key, unfiltered measurements to improve cycle-time decision making. The importance of automated, timely, unfiltered (versus “end of period” filtered) reports is highlighted, as are some management issues relative to the pressures that may result concerning an organization’s employees who must now take action in near real time. Furthermore, the authors hope that understanding the underlying assumptions and theoretical constructs through the use of employing intelligent agents in business management processes as a sub element of, or tool within Business Intelligence (BI), will not only inform researchers of a better design for studying information systems, but also assist in the understanding of intricate relationships between different factors.

Three-Level Model of Fuzzy Coordinated Decision-making

1983 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
Deng Ju-long
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Level Model

scholarly journals Mental Resilience and Coping With Stress: A Comprehensive, Multi-level Model of Cognitive Processing, Decision Making, and Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna S. Palamarchuk ◽  
Tracy Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Level Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

Aversive events can evoke strong emotions that trigger cerebral neuroactivity to facilitate behavioral and cognitive shifts to secure physiological stability. However, upon intense and/or chronic exposure to such events, the neural coping processes can be maladaptive and disrupt mental well-being. This maladaptation denotes a pivotal point when psychological stress occurs, which can trigger subconscious, “automatic” neuroreactivity as a defence mechanism to protect the individual from potential danger including overwhelming unpleasant feelings and disturbing or threatening thoughts.The outcomes of maladaptive neural activity are cognitive dysfunctions such as altered memory, decision making, and behavior that impose a risk for mental disorders. Although the neurocognitive phenomena associated with psychological stress are well documented, the complex neural activity and pathways related to stressor detection and stress coping have not been outlined in detail. Accordingly, we define acute and chronic stress-induced pathways, phases, and stages in relation to novel/unpredicted, uncontrollable, and ambiguous stressors. We offer a comprehensive model of the stress-induced alterations associated with multifaceted pathophysiology related to cognitive appraisal and executive functioning in stress.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document