scholarly journals Mental Resilience and Coping With Stress: A Comprehensive, Multi-level Model of Cognitive Processing, Decision Making, and Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna S. Palamarchuk ◽  
Tracy Vaillancourt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Coping With Stress ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Level Model ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

Aversive events can evoke strong emotions that trigger cerebral neuroactivity to facilitate behavioral and cognitive shifts to secure physiological stability. However, upon intense and/or chronic exposure to such events, the neural coping processes can be maladaptive and disrupt mental well-being. This maladaptation denotes a pivotal point when psychological stress occurs, which can trigger subconscious, “automatic” neuroreactivity as a defence mechanism to protect the individual from potential danger including overwhelming unpleasant feelings and disturbing or threatening thoughts.The outcomes of maladaptive neural activity are cognitive dysfunctions such as altered memory, decision making, and behavior that impose a risk for mental disorders. Although the neurocognitive phenomena associated with psychological stress are well documented, the complex neural activity and pathways related to stressor detection and stress coping have not been outlined in detail. Accordingly, we define acute and chronic stress-induced pathways, phases, and stages in relation to novel/unpredicted, uncontrollable, and ambiguous stressors. We offer a comprehensive model of the stress-induced alterations associated with multifaceted pathophysiology related to cognitive appraisal and executive functioning in stress.

Temporal Focus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbie J. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Future ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Temporal Focus

Temporal focus is the individual tendency to characteristically think more or less about the past, present, and future. Although originally rooted in early work from psychology, research on temporal focus has been steadily growing in a number of research areas, particularly since Zimbardo and Boyd’s (1999) influential article on the topic. This chapter will review temporal focus research from the past to the present, including how temporal focus has been conceptualized and measured, and which correlates and outcomes have been tested in terms of well-being and behavior. Based on this review, an agenda for research is created to direct temporal focus research in the future.

scholarly journals Nutritional Support of Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Function in Infants and Young Children—An Update and Novel Insights

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Kathrin Cohen Kadosh ◽  
Leilani Muhardi ◽  
Panam Parikh ◽  
Melissa Basso ◽  
Hamid Jan Jan Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Neurocognitive Development ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Proper nutrition is crucial for normal brain and neurocognitive development. Failure to optimize neurodevelopment early in life can have profound long-term implications for both mental health and quality of life. Although the first 1000 days of life represent the most critical period of neurodevelopment, the central and peripheral nervous systems continue to develop and change throughout life. All this time, development and functioning depend on many factors, including adequate nutrition. In this review, we outline the role of nutrients in cognitive, emotional, and neural development in infants and young children with special attention to the emerging roles of polar lipids and high quality (available) protein. Furthermore, we discuss the dynamic nature of the gut-brain axis and the importance of microbial diversity in relation to a variety of outcomes, including brain maturation/function and behavior are discussed. Finally, the promising therapeutic potential of psychobiotics to modify gut microbial ecology in order to improve mental well-being is presented. Here, we show that the individual contribution of nutrients, their interaction with other micro- and macronutrients and the way in which they are organized in the food matrix are of crucial importance for normal neurocognitive development.

scholarly journals HESR innovation in analysis that supports decision making and action

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Barr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Policy Performance ◽  
European Health ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Inform Decision Making

Abstract The European Health Equity Status Report makes innovative use of microdata, at the level of the individual, to decompose the relative contributions of five essential underlying conditions to inequities in health and well-being. These essential conditions comprise: (1) Health services (2) Income security and social protection (3) Living conditions (4) Social and human capital (5) Employment and working conditions. Combining microdata across over twenty sources, the work of HESRi has also produced disaggregated indicators in health, well-being, and each of the five essential conditions. In conjunction with indicators of policy performance and investment, the HESRi Health Equity Dataset of over 100 indicators is the first of its kind, as a resource for monitoring and analysing inequities across the essential conditions and policies to inform decision making and action to reduce gaps in health and well-being.

scholarly journals The interplay between stress, circadian clocks, and energy metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 247 (1) ◽  
pp. R13-R25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Oster
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Stress Response System ◽  
And Behavior

Endogenous circadian clocks adapt an organism’s physiology and behavior to predictable changes in the environment as a consequence of the Earth’s rotation around its axis. In mammals, circadian rhythms are the output of a ubiquitous network of cellular timers coordinated by a hypothalamic master pacemaker. Circadian clock function is closely connected to the stress response system which has evolved to ensure survival under less predictable situations of danger. Disruptions in both of these functions are highly prevalent in modern society and have been linked to pathologic alterations in metabolic setpoints, promoting overeating, obesity, and type-2 diabetes. This paper describes the different levels of interaction between the circadian clock and acute and chronic stress responses. It summarizes studies assessing clock-stress crosstalk in the context of metabolic homeostasis and outlines options to use this interaction for diagnostic and therapeutic measures targeting metabolic health and well-being in the highly chronodisruptive environment of modern 24-h globalized societies.

scholarly journals When Helping Is Risky: The Behavioral and Neurobiological Trade-off of Social and Risk Preferences

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110159
Author(s):  
Jörg Gross ◽  
Nadira S. Faber ◽  
Andreas Kappes ◽  
Anne-Marie Nussberger ◽  
Philip J. Cowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Personal Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Medical Volunteers ◽  
The Brain

Helping other people can entail risks for the helper. For example, when treating infectious patients, medical volunteers risk their own health. In such situations, decisions to help should depend on the individual’s valuation of others’ well-being (social preferences) and the degree of personal risk the individual finds acceptable (risk preferences). We investigated how these distinct preferences are psychologically and neurobiologically integrated when helping is risky. We used incentivized decision-making tasks (Study 1; N = 292 adults) and manipulated dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain by administering methylphenidate, atomoxetine, or a placebo (Study 2; N = 154 adults). We found that social and risk preferences are independent drivers of risky helping. Methylphenidate increased risky helping by selectively altering risk preferences rather than social preferences. Atomoxetine influenced neither risk preferences nor social preferences and did not affect risky helping. This suggests that methylphenidate-altered dopamine concentrations affect helping decisions that entail a risk to the helper.

Influences of Personal Experience in Decision-Making

2017 ◽  
pp. 76-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais Spiegel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Individual Experience ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
State Of Art

Among the aspects that conform the human cognition and therefore, the behavior observed in the choices, there is the individual experience. Researches point the experience performing either positive as negative roles in the process of decision-making. Motivated by the question, What is the role of the experience in the decision-making? this text sought to check in which way the state of art and the technique of Cognitive Sciences could contribute with the better understanding of the cognitive processing in the context of decision-making. It was adopted as a start the roles' structured exposition of the cognition elements during the decision process, as Spiegel's (2014) proposal. It was investigated through a systematic revision of the literature, the impacts of the decision-maker's experience in the manifestation of attention, categorization, memory and emotion. As a result, 17 inferences that present which is the role of the experience in the decision-making, and deeply, which are the implications of the experience in the cognitive process of the decision-maker, are presented.

scholarly journals VISUALIZATION OF THE ART-PLASTIC IMAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COLOR OF ENERGY OF THE CHAKR OF THE HUMAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeva-Anna Demchenko ◽  
◽  
Oksana Lan ◽  
Petro Luno ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Lotus Flower ◽  
Energy Behavior ◽  
Human Energy ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Artistic Image ◽  
The Relationship

The article clarifies the problem of redistribution of energy in the human body, in its etheric body. Seven main energy channels (chakras) are described, which are located on the line of the human rod, their location, spectrum, color, sound, anatomical and physical image. The characteristics of each chakra are given, where the color of the chakra is indicated, which indicates certain fluctuations of energy in the human body with different frequency and amplitude and the correspondence of each of the chakras to a special lotus flower with different number of petals. There is a regularity of lack of energy in a chakra, and this is reflected in the physical body. Psychosomatics has also been linked to illness and emotional state. The personal manifestations of the choreographer's creative creativity, connected with artistic and figurative associations with the color of human energy chakras and the creation of a creative product using the appropriate yoga asanas in the choreographic vocabulary, were studied. The relationship between human energy, behavior and dependence on excess or lack of energy in a particular chakra is analyzed. Find out how human behavior is reflected in a choreographic image. The creation of a plastic-artistic image on the example of energy and color of human chakras is carried out. The peculiarities of creating the dynamics of the image, its character and behavior of the individual are established. The peculiarity of asanas and their connection with well-being and self-expression are analyzed and singled out. The question of researching previously unsolved parts of the general problem arises: personal manifestations of the choreographer's creative work, associated with artistic associations with the color of human energy chakras and creating a creative product using choreographic vocabulary using appropriate yoga asanas. Examples of choreographers using a special range of colors as sources-associations in the process of creating a script for choreographic performances are given; the prospects of research of creativity of the choreographer, his creativity and self-realization are defined.

scholarly journals Perceived psychological stress among undergraduate students: role of academic factors of a medical college of Kathmandu

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Jyoti Badan Tuladhar
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Academic Stress ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Academic Factors ◽  
Medical College ◽  
The Individual

Introduction: Stress refers to a dynamic interaction between the individual and the environment, which described as external demands (physical or mental) on an individual’s physical and psychological well-being. The objective of this study was to assess the perceived psychological stress and perception of academic stress among undergraduate students. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire- based survey was carried out among 853 undergraduate students (medical, dental and nursing) of Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu Nepal during August 2017 to July 2018. Perceived stress was assessed using Perceived Stress Scale-14 and perception of academic stress 18-item questionnaire was used to assess the academic factors of stress using self-administered technique. Result: The overall mean perceived stress score was 45.23 ±4.96, 99.6% of participants were in the group of more stressed and overall mean score of perception of academic stress was 54.68 ±9.10, and 56.3% of participants were in the group of academic stress. The correlation between perceived psychological stress and academic stress was 0.070 with P value of 0.040. Conclusion: Higher level of perceived stress and academic stress were reported by the students and there was weak significantly positive correlation between perceived psychological stress and academic stress.

scholarly journals Imagination and transformations to sustainable and just futures

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele-Lee Moore ◽  
Manjana Milkoreit
Keyword(s):  
Social Economic ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sustainability Challenges ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Transformation Processes

The ability of individuals and groups to identify, assess, and pursue alternative possible futures is an essential component of their ability to deliberately and collectively respond to major sustainability challenges rather than experience unguided or forced change. Deliberately engaging in transformation processes inevitably requires imagination. We refer to imagination for transformations as interdependent cognitive and social processes that create representations of present and possible future states of the world that can inform public deliberation, policy, decision making, and behavior from the individual to the global scale. We contend that imagination is an essential capacity for securing ecological, social, economic, and cultural well-being in times of rapid and often unpredictable global change. We sketch an emerging interdisciplinary research agenda on imagination as a transformational capacity and its role in transformation processes, building on contributions to a special issue on this subject. We specifically focus on imagination in relationship to transformative agency, causation, and individual-collective dynamics. Our aim is to identify research questions and challenges that are most pressing with a view to supporting efforts of transformations toward sustainability.

scholarly journals Penerapan Metode Promethee Dalam Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penetapan Penerima Kartu Indonesia Sehat (KIS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 739
Author(s):  
Reva Octaviani Siregar ◽  
Deci Irmayani ◽  
Masrizal Masrizal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Preference Ranking ◽  
Problem Analysis ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Promethee Method ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Selection Of

Health is a state of well-being of body, soul and society that enables everyone to live productively socially and economically. Therefore, health is the most important element in human life. Health is closely related to economic conditions. factors that affect human health such as healthy food and drinks, a healthy environment and healthy living habits will be fulfilled. Conversely, if a bad economy will make it difficult for individual people to meet some of these factors, if these conditions are ignored, the individual community will find it difficult to improve their health. The problem that occurred at Galang Health Center was the unsatisfactory selection of KIS (Kartu Indonesia Sehat) participants. the selection of KIS (Kartu Indonesia Sehat) participants requires a decision support system (DSS) to speed up and make it easier to make decisions. Decision support systems are used to assist decision making in an organization to facilitate decision making. Where no one knows exactly how decisions should be made. The Promethee method (Preference Ranking Organizational Method for Enrichment Evaluation) is a method used to determine priority (order) in multi-criteria analysis. With the Promethee method, the problem of choosing KIS (Kartu Indonesia Sehat) participants is feasible to use in this study, the stages of research carried out in this study are starting from data collection, problem analysis, method analysis, design and testing of applications to be built, the purpose of this research is to solve the problems of the participants. KIS (Kartu Indonesia Sehat), which have been unsatisfied in terms of the decision of KIS (Kartu Indonesia Sehat) recipients. The results showed that of the three KIS (Kartu Indonesia Sehat) participants who were tested, there were two participants who deserved KIS (Kartu Indonesia Sehat) based on the results of the assessment of the five criteria used so that the calculation results using the Promethee method showed that the net flow from each of the alternatef is -1 for alternative 1 and 0.2 for alternative 2 and 0.8 for the third alternative.

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