The Impact of the Recent Expansion of the EU on the UK Labor Market

AbstractFailures of compliance with European Union (EU) directives have revealed the EU as a political system capable of enacting laws in a wide range of different policy areas, but facing difficulties to ensure their actual implementation. Although the EU relies on national enforcement agencies to ensure compliance with the EU legislation, there is scarce analysis of the differential deterrent effect of national enforcement in EU law compliance. This article examines the enforcement of an EU water directive, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, in Spain and the UK. It focuses on the existing national sanctions for disciplining actors in charge of complying with EU requirements, and on the actual use of punitive sanctions. The analysis shows that a more comprehensive and active disciplinary regime at the national level contributes to explain a higher degree of compliance with EU law. The article calls for a detailed examination of the national administrative and criminal sanction system for a more comprehensive understanding of the incentives and disincentives to comply with EU law at the national state level.

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The Scottish Conservatives and Europe: The Reluctant Brexit Party

Ruth Davidson's Conservatives: The Scottish Tory Party, 2011-19 ◽

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455626.003.0011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 169-181

Author(s):

Anthony Salamone

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Conservative Party ◽

Political Context ◽

The European Union ◽

House Of Commons ◽

Future Prospects ◽

Four Dimensions ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

As Scottish Conservative leader, Ruth Davidson was a prominent campaigner for a ‘Remain’ vote in the European Union referendum of June 2016. Following the 2017 general election, meanwhile, Davidson repositioned herself as someone who could – aided by 13 Scottish Tory MPs in the House of Commons – influence the Brexit negotiations and nudge the UK Conservative Party towards a ‘soft’ rather than ‘hard’ deal with the EU. This chapter considers the impact of Brexit on the Scottish Conservatives during the leadership of Ruth Davidson in four dimensions: Brexit’s distinct Scottish political context, its electoral consequences, the conduct of Brexit within the UK, and the Brexit negotiations themselves. It concludes with reflections on the future prospects for the Scottish party in light of all four dimensions.

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11. Financial crime

Ashworth's Principles of Criminal Law ◽

10.1093/he/9780198777663.003.0011 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 420-451

Author(s):

Jeremy Horder

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Money Laundering ◽

Criminal Law ◽

Financial Crime ◽

The European Union ◽

Home Office ◽

Corporate Activity ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

This chapter examines three major examples of financial crime: fraud, bribery, and money laundering. The importance of financial crime, and of vigorous prosecution policies in relation to it, should not be underestimated. Fraud accounts for no less than one third of all crimes captured by the Crime Survey for England and Wales. The European Union Parliament has estimated that corruption costs the EU between €179 and €990 billion each year. Finally, the Home Office estimates that the impact of money laundering on the UK economy is likely to exceed £90 billion. An understanding of these crimes, and in particular the way that they reflect corporate activity, is nowadays essential to the study of criminal law.

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4. EU legislative powers

EU Law in the UK ◽

10.1093/he/9780198805922.003.0004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 88-122

Author(s):

Sylvia de Mars

Keyword(s):

Transition Period ◽

International Agreements ◽

Soft Law ◽

Eu Law ◽

Principle Of Proportionality ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

Legislative Processes ◽

Domestic Law ◽

The Eu

This chapter examines the sources of EU law. As with domestic law, there are two overarching categories of EU law: primary law and secondary law. EU primary law includes the EU Treaties and the general principles of EU law. Meanwhile, EU secondary law includes regulations, directives, decisions, international agreements, and ‘soft law’. The chapter then looks at the legislative processes that are used to adopt secondary legislation, and assesses when, or in what policy areas, the EU can make law. It also considers two mechanisms that aim to prevent the EU from extending its legislative power beyond what the Treaties have granted it: the principle of subsidiarity and the principle of proportionality. Finally, the chapter addresses the impact of Brexit on EU law, assessing what will happen to EU law in the UK during the Withdrawal Agreement's transition period.

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Revising Emission Responsibilities through Consumption-Based Accounting: A European and Post-Brexit Perspective

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11020488 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 488 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Paola Fezzigna ◽

Simone Borghesi ◽

Dario Caro

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Trade Flows ◽

Environmental Implications ◽

Traded Goods ◽

The World ◽

Trading Partners ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

International trade shifts production of a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in traded goods from the importing country to the exporting country. The European Union (EU) plays a prominent role in the flow of international-related emissions as it accounts for the second largest share of global exports and imports of goods. Consumption-based accountings (CBA) emerged as alternative to the traditional emission inventories based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. According to the IPCC criteria, countries where products are consumed take no responsibility for the emissions produced by exporter countries, thus neglecting the emissions embodied in trade. By taking this aspect into account, CBA are considered of great importance in revealing emissions attributed to the final consumer. Using a CBA approach, this paper evaluates the impact of international trade in the EU in terms of CO2 emissions, looking both at the internal trade flows within the EU-28 and at the external trade flows between the EU and the rest of the world during the period 2012–2015. We find that the EU is a net importer of emissions as its emissions due to consumption exceed those due to production. In particular, in 2015 the ratio between import- and export-embodied emissions was more than 3:1 for the EU-28 that imported 1317 Mt CO2 from the rest of the world (mainly from China and Russia) while exporting only 424 Mt CO2. Concerning emissions flows among EU countries, Germany represents the largest importer, followed by the UK. To get a deeper understanding on possible environmental implications of Brexit on UK emission responsibilities, the paper also advances a few hypotheses on how trade flows could change based on the existing trade patterns of the UK. Data analysis shows that a 10% shift of UK imports from EU partners to its main non-EU trading partners (India, China, and US) would increase its emission responsibility by 5%. The increase in UK emission responsibility would more than double (+11%) in case of a 30% shift of UK imports. Similar results would apply if UK replaced its current EU partners with its main Commonwealth trading partners as a result of Brexit.

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Prospectus Regulation and Prospectus Liability

10.1093/law/9780198846529.001.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Capital Markets ◽

Integrated Analysis ◽

Securities Litigation ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Prospectus Liability ◽

Capital Markets Union ◽

The Uk ◽

Rome I ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

This book provides integrated analysis of and guidance on the Prospectus Regulation 2017, civil liability for a misleading prospectus, and securities litigation in a European context. The prospectus rules are one of the cornerstones of the EU Capital Markets Union and analysis of this aspect of harmonisation, the areas not covered by the rules, and the impact of Brexit, provides valuable reference for all advising and researching this field. The book discusses the subjects of Prospectus Regulation from both a legal and economic perspective. It focuses on key subjects of the new Prospectus Regulation, providing an in-depth analysis of each issue. The book then moves on to explain the domestic law on liability for a misleading prospectus, this issue being omitted from the Regulation. The law and practice in each of the key capital markets centres in Europe is analysed and compared, with the UK chapter covering the issues and possible solutions under Brexit. A chapter on securities litigation gives full consideration of conflicts of laws issues with reference to the Brussels I regulation, and the Rome I and II Regulations. The book concludes by looking to the future of disclosure practices in connection with securities offerings in the EU.

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Evaluating the implications of Brexit for research collaboration and policy: a network analysis and simulation study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025025 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. e025025

Author(s):

George Garas ◽

Isabella Cingolani ◽

Vanash M Patel ◽

Pietro Panzarasa ◽

Ara Darzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Research Collaboration ◽

Research Impact ◽

Collaboration Network ◽

The European Union ◽

Short Term ◽

Research And Innovation ◽

Strategic Relationships ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of the European Union (EU) as a research collaborator in the UK’s success as a global leader in healthcare research and innovation and quantify the impact that Brexit may have.DesignNetwork and regression analysis of scientific collaboration, followed by simulation models based on alternative scenarios.SettingInternational real-world collaboration network among all countries involved in robotic surgical research and innovation.Participants772 organisations from industry and academia nested within 56 countries and connected through 2397 collaboration links.Main outcome measuresResearch impact measured through citations and innovation value measured through the innovation index.ResultsGlobally, the UK ranks third in robotic surgical innovation, and the EU constitutes its prime collaborator. Brokerage opportunities and collaborators’ geographical diversity are associated with a country’s research impact (c=211.320 and 244.527, respectively; p<0·01) and innovation (c=18.819 and 30.850, respectively; p<0·01). Replacing EU collaborators with US ones is the only strategy that could benefit the UK, but on the condition that US collaborators are chosen among the top-performing ones, which is likely to be very difficult and costly, at least in the short term.ConclusionsThis study suggests what has long been argued, namely that the UK-EU research partnership has been mutually beneficial and that its continuation represents the best possible outcome for both negotiating parties. However, the uncertainties raised by Brexit necessitate looking beyond the EU for potential research partners. In the short term, the UK’s best strategy might be to try and maintain its academic links with the EU. In the longer term, strategic relationships with research powerhouses, including the USA, China and India, are likely to be crucial for the UK to remain a global innovation leader.

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The Implications of Brexit for Future EU Environmental Law and Policy

elni Review ◽

10.46850/elni.2017.002 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 11-16

Author(s):

Céline Charveriat ◽

Andrew Farmer

Keyword(s):

Environmental Law ◽

Law And Policy ◽

The Future ◽

Overseas Country ◽

The Subject ◽

Overseas Territories ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu ◽

Environmental Law And Policy

Brexit is an unprecedented event for the EU. No Member State has ever left the Union previously. At most, overseas territories with small populations have changed status, such as Greenland (Denmark) in 1985 and the Outermost Region Saint Barthélemy (France), which became an Overseas Country and Territory (OCT) in 2012. These cases may have limited lessons for the UK adapting its legislation post-Brexit, as they did not impact EU decision making and law and, therefore, are not precedents for the subject of this paper. There has been quite a lot of analysis on the possible consequences of Brexit for the future of UK environmental law. However, less attention has been given to the implications Brexit may have for the future of EU environmental law and policy. This paper presents some thoughts on this subject. It begins with a consideration of the impact of Brexit on the general political and economic atmosphere of EU environmental policy making. The paper then considers the issues of trade and the external border. Some specific policy areas are examined, including chemicals, climate policy and agriculture. The paper ends by considering the implications of a possible future dispute mechanism with the UK.

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