The Impact of the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement on the UK

The UK has played a critical role in shaping EU–China relations. Policymakers need to carefully consider the extent to which Brexit will weaken the EU’s collective power – shifting the balance in China’s favour – and impact prospects for increasing EU involvement in East Asia. Brexit arrives at a moment when negotiations for an ambitious bilateral investment agreement continue – with an eye on an eventual free trade agreement – while EU policymakers increasingly perceive challenges arising from the expansion of China’s global presence, exemplified by the Belt and Road Initiative, the creation of alternative international institutions, and its behaviour in the South China Sea disputes. As both the EU and China emerge as global powers, the significance of their relationship’s trajectory extends beyond bilateral confines. I analyse how the relationship’s contemporary dynamics are playing out and likely to evolve. Assessing the impact of Brexit on the relative power balance, specifically the EU27’s collective economic, military and political power, sets the scene for mapping out the ‘state of play’ in four crucial issue areas, highlighting the UK’s preferences and input. This leads to consideration of how the loss of resources and shifting constellation of preferences among the EU27 could affect the attainment of strategic objectives. I argue that while Brexit does not fundamentally disrupt the EU–China relationship, it will weaken the EU’s capacity to respond to China’s rise and necessitates a recalibration to the new constellation of Member State preferences and reduced resources.

Brexit will affect EU and UK trade policy differently

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db252255 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Trade Policy ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Trade Agreements ◽

Rules Of Origin ◽

Foreign Markets ◽

Content Type ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

Subject UK and EU trade policy. Significance The United Kingdom’s departure from the EU will affect both the EU’s economic importance and its ability to realise trade objectives. The impact of the rupture will be greater still for the United Kingdom, which has to develop a trade policy from scratch and reconstruct its trading relationships with scores of countries in addition to the EU. Impacts Rules of origin mean that some UK firms will lose access to foreign markets even where London has concluded a replacement trade agreement. EU and UK demand for imports from the rest of the world will be reduced by the economic impact of Brexit and COVID-19 disruption. Replacing EU trade agreements with third countries will take longer for the UK government because COVID-19 will take priority.

Brexit’s Impact on Japan’s Trade with Europe

International Studies ◽

10.1177/00208817211002374 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002088172110023

Author(s):

Noriko Suzuki

Keyword(s):

Free Trade ◽

Automobile Industry ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Economic Interests ◽

Economic Relations ◽

Economic Partnership ◽

Partnership Agreement ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

In the context of globalization, the Japanese government emphasizes the importance of reinforcing the free trade system. Due to European Union’s (EU) reluctance, the free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations between Japan and the EU took 4 years to conclude. However, Brexit prompted the conclusion of Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the EU as to maintain the economic interests of both sides after the British exit from the EU. The UK wants to maintain economic relations with Japan and to become a ‘Global Britain’ in the post-Brexit era. This article analyses both Japan–EU and Japan–UK FTAs. The core of the article looks at the impact of Brexit on Japan’s access to the European single market through a review of Japanese sectors and large corporations, particularly the automobile industry.

The EU as an “enforcement patchwork”: the impact of national enforcement for compliance with EU water law in Spain and Britain

Journal of Public Policy ◽

10.1017/s0143814x13000238 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 331-353 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mónica García Quesada

Keyword(s):

Waste Water Treatment ◽

National Level ◽

State Level ◽

Detailed Examination ◽

Deterrent Effect ◽

Eu Law ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

AbstractFailures of compliance with European Union (EU) directives have revealed the EU as a political system capable of enacting laws in a wide range of different policy areas, but facing difficulties to ensure their actual implementation. Although the EU relies on national enforcement agencies to ensure compliance with the EU legislation, there is scarce analysis of the differential deterrent effect of national enforcement in EU law compliance. This article examines the enforcement of an EU water directive, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, in Spain and the UK. It focuses on the existing national sanctions for disciplining actors in charge of complying with EU requirements, and on the actual use of punitive sanctions. The analysis shows that a more comprehensive and active disciplinary regime at the national level contributes to explain a higher degree of compliance with EU law. The article calls for a detailed examination of the national administrative and criminal sanction system for a more comprehensive understanding of the incentives and disincentives to comply with EU law at the national state level.

BREXIT IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRI-FOOD TRADE BETWEEN POLAND AND THE UK

Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.5365 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol XXI (4) ◽

pp. 589-599

Author(s):

Aldona Zawojska

Keyword(s):

Lower Cost ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Food Products ◽

The European Union ◽

Trade Relations ◽

Doing Business ◽

Central Statistical ◽

Central Statistical Office ◽

The Uk ◽

The Eu

The article is a contribution to the discussion on the anticipated consequences of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union for Poland’s trade relations with this country, with particular emphasis on the likely impacts of a hard or no-deal Brexit on Polish exporters. Its aim is to provide readers with an understanding of how agri-food flows between Poland and the UK (especially Poland’s exports) could be affected once the UK departs the EU. The question is important considering that, in recent years, the UK has been the second biggest importer and a net importer of agricultural and food products from Poland. The study is based on trade data from the UN Comtrade Database and Poland’s Central Statistical Office, and on tariff data from the UK’s Department for International Trade. Taking into account the possible imposition of customs duties announced thus far by the British government on the import of agri-food products from third countries in the event of a no-trade agreement with the EU, the introduction of additional non-tariff barriers, as well as increased transactional (friction) costs and complexity of doing business with foreign partners, a hard Brexit would have serious implications for Poland’s fast growing agri-food exports to the UK. It would even lead to a collapse of some Polish supplies, particularly of meat and dairy commodities, to Great Britain. The loss of two-way preferences in trade now arising from participation in the EU single market will undermine the competitiveness of Polish producers on UK’s market both against British producers and lower cost exporters from outside the EU.

The Scottish Conservatives and Europe: The Reluctant Brexit Party

Ruth Davidson's Conservatives: The Scottish Tory Party, 2011-19 ◽

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474455626.003.0011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 169-181

Author(s):

Anthony Salamone

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Conservative Party ◽

Political Context ◽

The European Union ◽

House Of Commons ◽

Future Prospects ◽

Four Dimensions ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

As Scottish Conservative leader, Ruth Davidson was a prominent campaigner for a ‘Remain’ vote in the European Union referendum of June 2016. Following the 2017 general election, meanwhile, Davidson repositioned herself as someone who could – aided by 13 Scottish Tory MPs in the House of Commons – influence the Brexit negotiations and nudge the UK Conservative Party towards a ‘soft’ rather than ‘hard’ deal with the EU. This chapter considers the impact of Brexit on the Scottish Conservatives during the leadership of Ruth Davidson in four dimensions: Brexit’s distinct Scottish political context, its electoral consequences, the conduct of Brexit within the UK, and the Brexit negotiations themselves. It concludes with reflections on the future prospects for the Scottish party in light of all four dimensions.

11. Financial crime

Ashworth's Principles of Criminal Law ◽

10.1093/he/9780198777663.003.0011 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 420-451

Author(s):

Jeremy Horder

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Money Laundering ◽

Criminal Law ◽

Financial Crime ◽

The European Union ◽

Home Office ◽

Corporate Activity ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

This chapter examines three major examples of financial crime: fraud, bribery, and money laundering. The importance of financial crime, and of vigorous prosecution policies in relation to it, should not be underestimated. Fraud accounts for no less than one third of all crimes captured by the Crime Survey for England and Wales. The European Union Parliament has estimated that corruption costs the EU between €179 and €990 billion each year. Finally, the Home Office estimates that the impact of money laundering on the UK economy is likely to exceed £90 billion. An understanding of these crimes, and in particular the way that they reflect corporate activity, is nowadays essential to the study of criminal law.

4. EU legislative powers

EU Law in the UK ◽

10.1093/he/9780198805922.003.0004 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 88-122

Author(s):

Sylvia de Mars

Keyword(s):

Transition Period ◽

International Agreements ◽

Soft Law ◽

Eu Law ◽

Principle Of Proportionality ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

Legislative Processes ◽

Domestic Law ◽

The Eu

This chapter examines the sources of EU law. As with domestic law, there are two overarching categories of EU law: primary law and secondary law. EU primary law includes the EU Treaties and the general principles of EU law. Meanwhile, EU secondary law includes regulations, directives, decisions, international agreements, and ‘soft law’. The chapter then looks at the legislative processes that are used to adopt secondary legislation, and assesses when, or in what policy areas, the EU can make law. It also considers two mechanisms that aim to prevent the EU from extending its legislative power beyond what the Treaties have granted it: the principle of subsidiarity and the principle of proportionality. Finally, the chapter addresses the impact of Brexit on EU law, assessing what will happen to EU law in the UK during the Withdrawal Agreement's transition period.

Revising Emission Responsibilities through Consumption-Based Accounting: A European and Post-Brexit Perspective

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11020488 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 488 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Paola Fezzigna ◽

Simone Borghesi ◽

Dario Caro

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Trade Flows ◽

Environmental Implications ◽

Traded Goods ◽

The World ◽

Trading Partners ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

International trade shifts production of a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in traded goods from the importing country to the exporting country. The European Union (EU) plays a prominent role in the flow of international-related emissions as it accounts for the second largest share of global exports and imports of goods. Consumption-based accountings (CBA) emerged as alternative to the traditional emission inventories based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. According to the IPCC criteria, countries where products are consumed take no responsibility for the emissions produced by exporter countries, thus neglecting the emissions embodied in trade. By taking this aspect into account, CBA are considered of great importance in revealing emissions attributed to the final consumer. Using a CBA approach, this paper evaluates the impact of international trade in the EU in terms of CO2 emissions, looking both at the internal trade flows within the EU-28 and at the external trade flows between the EU and the rest of the world during the period 2012–2015. We find that the EU is a net importer of emissions as its emissions due to consumption exceed those due to production. In particular, in 2015 the ratio between import- and export-embodied emissions was more than 3:1 for the EU-28 that imported 1317 Mt CO2 from the rest of the world (mainly from China and Russia) while exporting only 424 Mt CO2. Concerning emissions flows among EU countries, Germany represents the largest importer, followed by the UK. To get a deeper understanding on possible environmental implications of Brexit on UK emission responsibilities, the paper also advances a few hypotheses on how trade flows could change based on the existing trade patterns of the UK. Data analysis shows that a 10% shift of UK imports from EU partners to its main non-EU trading partners (India, China, and US) would increase its emission responsibility by 5%. The increase in UK emission responsibility would more than double (+11%) in case of a 30% shift of UK imports. Similar results would apply if UK replaced its current EU partners with its main Commonwealth trading partners as a result of Brexit.

Prospectus Regulation and Prospectus Liability

10.1093/law/9780198846529.001.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Capital Markets ◽

Integrated Analysis ◽

Securities Litigation ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Prospectus Liability ◽

Capital Markets Union ◽

The Uk ◽

Rome I ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

This book provides integrated analysis of and guidance on the Prospectus Regulation 2017, civil liability for a misleading prospectus, and securities litigation in a European context. The prospectus rules are one of the cornerstones of the EU Capital Markets Union and analysis of this aspect of harmonisation, the areas not covered by the rules, and the impact of Brexit, provides valuable reference for all advising and researching this field. The book discusses the subjects of Prospectus Regulation from both a legal and economic perspective. It focuses on key subjects of the new Prospectus Regulation, providing an in-depth analysis of each issue. The book then moves on to explain the domestic law on liability for a misleading prospectus, this issue being omitted from the Regulation. The law and practice in each of the key capital markets centres in Europe is analysed and compared, with the UK chapter covering the issues and possible solutions under Brexit. A chapter on securities litigation gives full consideration of conflicts of laws issues with reference to the Brussels I regulation, and the Rome I and II Regulations. The book concludes by looking to the future of disclosure practices in connection with securities offerings in the EU.