Abstract
Landslide dams (LDs) usually form from natural debris materials and exhibit heterogeneous strata along both the depth and run-out directions. In addition, an LD usually has a weaker structure than that of undisturbed ground and is more vulnerable to seepage loading. Considering that the surface layer of naturally packed LD materials is generally in an unsaturated state, it is undoubtedly important to investigate the stability of the unsaturated debris materials in the heterogeneous strata of LDs. In this paper, a systematic flume test program was first conducted, in which the Tangjiashan LD was carefully referenced for model design. Three water level rising rates and two stratal arrangements were considered in the flume tests. Then, soil-water-air coupled finite element analyses were conducted to simulate the flume tests, and all the material parameters of the LD materials were carefully determined based on the results of the element tests. A comparison of the test and calculated results shows the possibility of using the proposed numerical method to estimate the occurrence of dam breaching and the risk of LD failure. Moreover, the hydraulic/mechanical behaviors of the LD materials and the heterogeneous strata of the LD were very important to the stability of the Tangjiashan LD. Finally, from an engineering viewpoint, the possibility of utilizing a naturally formed LD and thus not destroying it when it forms is also discussed, e.g., dam breaching risk can be reduced by excavation of a drainage tunnel, and the dam stability can be carefully estimated based on accurate geological data.
Forecasting dam height and stability of dams formed by rock slope failures in Norway
