The Influence of Social Orientation and Generalized Expectancies on Decision Making in Iterated Experimental Games

1988 ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
Generalized Expectancies

scholarly journals Social Enterprises’ Social Orientation: The Impact on the Organizational Commitment of Employees

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Donwe Choi ◽  
Keon-Hyung Lee ◽  
Hyungjo Hur
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the relationship between social enterprises’ social orientation and the organizational commitment of their employees. The study also examines differences in organizational commitment between Millennial social enterprise employees and social enterprise employees of earlier generations. The findings from the study indicate that a social enterprise’s pursuit of social purpose, shared decision- making, and social performance are all positively associated with the organizational commitment of its employees. Additionally, the findings suggest that, in general, Millennials have a lower level of organizational commitment to their social enterprise employer than do earlier generations. Indeed, the organizational commitment of Millennials, we find, is primarily (and significantly) influenced only by shared decision-making. These findings contribute to the literature on social enterprise as well as to the literature on organizational commitment by providing insight into unseen aspects of social enterprise management from the perspective of employees. From a practical standpoint, these findings provide social entrepreneurs and managers of social enterprises with practical guidance on how to improve their employees’ organizational commitment.

Personality and Generalized Expectancies for Interpersonal Trust

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 649-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Garske
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Generalized Expectancies ◽  
Trust Scale

College undergraduates were given Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale and Cattell's 16 PF. Intercorrelations between the total score of the Interpersonal Trust Scale and the 16 PF indicated convergent and discriminant validation for the generalized expectancy construct of trust; interpersonal trust tended to be related with personality traits that suggested a social orientation and adaptive functioning. Trust was also viewed as bearing a relationship with concrete thinking and conformity. Correlations between the factors of the Interpersonal Trust Scale (Political Trust, Paternal Trust, and Trust of Strangers) and the 16 PF were similar to the above correlations but less substantial. The total trust score appeared to be a better predictor of personality than any of its factor scores.

scholarly journals Learning (Not) to Evade Taxes

Games ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Aloys Prinz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
Stochastic Methods ◽  
Stochastic Version ◽  
Lab Experiments ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
Tax Payments

In this paper, lab experiments on tax compliance were theoretically investigated with dynamic and stochastic methods. It is well known from experimental games that learning allows a better understanding of participants’ behavior. However, it has not been explicitly applied so far in the theoretical analysis of tax compliance experiments. In this paper, it was shown that two decision-making processes may be distinguished: a discrete process in which all options are regarded and an all-or-nothing process in which either the respective tax is paid fully or not at all. The corresponding variant of the learning model was either a stochastic or a deterministic one, with the stochastic version as the more general model. In the additional empirical part of the paper, it was shown that tax payments decline in trend over the rounds of the considered experiment. This negative trend was interpreted as a learning effect, in accordance with the stochastic version of the theoretical model. However, the alternative interpretation that the observed behavior was driven by a tiring effect cannot be completely excluded.

Sources of Bias in Retrospective Decision Making: Experimental Evidence on Voters’ Limitations in Controlling Incumbents

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGORY A. HUBER ◽  
SETH J. HILL ◽  
GABRIEL S. LENZ
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Decision Rule ◽  
Real World ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
The Real ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Experimental Games

Are citizens competent to assess the performance of incumbent politicians? Observational studies cast doubt on voter competence by documenting several biases in retrospective assessments of performance. However, these studies are open to alternative interpretations because of the complexity of the real world. In this article, we show that these biases in retrospective evaluations occur even in the simplified setting of experimental games. In three experiments, our participants (1) overweighted recent relative to overall incumbent performance when made aware of an election closer rather than more distant from that event, (2) allowed an unrelated lottery that affected their welfare to influence their choices, and (3) were influenced by rhetoric to give more weight to recent rather than overall incumbent performance. These biases were apparent even though we informed and incentivized respondents to weight all performance equally. Our findings point to key limitations in voters’ ability to use a retrospective decision rule.

scholarly journals Why we need to account for human behavior and decision-making to effectively model the non-linear dynamics of livestock disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Scott Merrill ◽  
Gabriela Bucini ◽  
Eric Clark ◽  
Christopher Koliba ◽  
Luke Trinity ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Livestock Disease ◽  
Disease Costs ◽  
Experimental Games

Animal disease costs the livestock industries billions of dollars annually. These costs can be reduced using effective biosecurity. However, costs of biosecurity are steep and benefits must be weighed against the uncertain infection risks. Much effort has gone into determining efficacy of different biosecurity tactics and strategies. Unfortunately, the variability in human behavior and decision-making when confronted with risk information has largely been overlooked. Here we show that use of the human behavioral component is necessary to understand the patterns of infection incidence in livestock industries. Using an agent-based model developed with a foundation of supply chain and industry structural data, we integrate human behavioral data generated using experimental games that parameterizes communication strategies, learning, psychological discounting and categorization of human behavior along a risk aversion spectrum. The influence of risk communication strategies on human behavior can be tested with experimental gaming simulations and their impact on the system can be projected using agent-based models, delivering feedback to increase disease resiliency of production systems.

scholarly journals SHIFTING SOCIAL PREFERENCES TOWARDS MORAL PREJUDICES IN A PROCESS OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION DECISION MAKING

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Alla Kovalenko ◽  
Albina Holovina
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Resource Allocation Decision ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Allocation Decision ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Personal Interests

This paper presents an analysis of the main theories and results of experimental research in the context of the shifting social preferences towards moral prejudices in a process of resource allocation decision making. Researchers of game theory have found that three motives are included in the decision-making process about resource allocation: social preferences, moral prejudices, and self-interest. Personal interests and moral prejudices are strong predictors in the model of predicting people's social orientations. Moral prejudices, being the distortions created by self-interest, can strongly influence people's social preferences, and even change them to the opposite. As a result, an asymmetric relationship is established between personal interest and moral prejudices in the decision-making process about resource allocation. When moral prejudices become an obstacle to achieving a goal, a person unconsciously distorts the information so that it justifies its actions. These distortions can be manifested in the avoidance of information that interferes with personal interests, the selective selection of information, and even recourse to opposing moral principles. In the long run, all this is expressed in the change of a person's social orientation from altruistic to selfish. These changes in people's social preferences are confirmed by the results of numerous experiments not only in social psychology, but also in social neuropsychology and neuroeconomics. The way to overcome these distortions is to have a clear understanding of the limits of personal interests and an understanding of one's own motives in decisions about resource allocation.

Discarding optimality: Throwing out the baby with the bathwater?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Simen ◽  
Fuat Balcı
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Reward Rate ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Standard Observer ◽  
Rate Maximization ◽  
Reward Rate Maximization ◽  
Descriptive Standard ◽  
Observer Model

AbstractRahnev & Denison (R&D) argue against normative theories and in favor of a more descriptive “standard observer model” of perceptual decision making. We agree with the authors in many respects, but we argue that optimality (specifically, reward-rate maximization) has proved demonstrably useful as a hypothesis, contrary to the authors’ claims.

LPCD framework: Analytical tool or psychological model?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Danks
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Bayesian Decision ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Psychological Reality ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Bayesian Decision Making

AbstractThe target article uses a mathematical framework derived from Bayesian decision making to demonstrate suboptimal decision making but then attributes psychological reality to the framework components. Rahnev & Denison's (R&D) positive proposal thus risks ignoring plausible psychological theories that could implement complex perceptual decision making. We must be careful not to slide from success with an analytical tool to the reality of the tool components.

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