The Role of Th1 Cytokines on Mechanical Loading-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption

Lumican, a ubiquitously expressed small leucine-rich proteoglycan, has been utilized in diverse biological functions. Recent experiments demonstrated that lumican stimulates preosteoblast viability and differentiation, leading to bone formation. To further understand the role of lumican in bone metabolism, we investigated its effects on osteoclast biology. Lumican inhibited both osteoclast differentiation and in vitro bone resorption in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with this, lumican markedly decreased the expression of osteoclastogenesis markers. Moreover, the migration and fusion of preosteoclasts and the resorptive activity per osteoclast were significantly reduced in the presence of lumican, indicating that this protein affects most stages of osteoclastogenesis. Among RANKL-dependent pathways, lumican inhibited Akt but not MAP kinases such as JNK, p38, and ERK. Importantly, co-treatment with an Akt activator almost completely reversed the effect of lumican on osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, our findings revealed that lumican inhibits osteoclastogenesis by suppressing Akt activity. Thus, lumican plays an osteoprotective role by simultaneously increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption, suggesting that it represents a dual-action therapeutic target for osteoporosis.

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Persistence of increased bone resorption and possible role of dehydroepiandrosterone as a bone metabolism determinant in osteoporotic women in late post-menopause

Maturitas ◽

10.1016/0378-5122(89)90121-7 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 65-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

P. Taelman ◽

J.M. Kaufman ◽

X. Janssens ◽

A. Vermeulen

Keyword(s):

Bone Resorption ◽

Bone Metabolism ◽

Post Menopause

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Regulatory role of NKG2D+ NK cells in intestinal lamina propria by secreting double-edged Th1 cytokines in ulcerative colitis

Oncotarget ◽

10.18632/oncotarget.22132 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (58) ◽

pp. 98945-98952 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fan Wang ◽

Pai-Lan Peng ◽

Xue Lin ◽

Ying Chang ◽

Jing Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Nk Cells ◽

Lamina Propria ◽

Regulatory Role ◽

Intestinal Lamina Propria ◽

Th1 Cytokines

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Bone Remodeling and the Role of TRAF3 in Osteoclastic Bone Resorption

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2018.02263 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Brendan F. Boyce ◽

Jinbo Li ◽

Lianping Xing ◽

Zhenqiang Yao

Keyword(s):

Bone Resorption ◽

Bone Remodeling ◽

Osteoclastic Bone Resorption

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The role of nervous system in adaptive response of bone to mechanical loading

Journal of Cellular Physiology ◽

10.1002/jcp.27683 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 234 (6) ◽

pp. 7771-7780 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Yini Qiao ◽

Yang Wang ◽

Yimei Zhou ◽

Fulin Jiang ◽

Tu Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Mechanical Loading ◽

Adaptive Response

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Pivotal Role of OCL-Derived IGF1 in Drug Resistance and Bone Destruction in MM

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2019-126959 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 134 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 4336-4336

Author(s):

Jumpei Teramachi ◽

Kazuaki Miyagawa ◽

Delgado-Calle Jesus ◽

Jolene Windle ◽

Noriyoshi Kurihara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Bone Resorption ◽

Bone Marrow Cells ◽

Critical Role ◽

Bone Destruction ◽

Bone Marrow Microenvironment ◽

Rank Ligand ◽

Marrow Cells

Multiple myeloma (MM) is largely incurable, and is characterized by devastating bone destruction caused by increased osteoclast (OCL) differentiation and bone resorption in more than 85% of MM patients. OCLs in MM not only promote bone resorption but also increase MM cell growth and drug resistance. Despite recent advances in anti-myeloma treatment, development of anti-MM drug resistance is a major limitation of MM therapy. Therefore, new treatment modalities are urgently needed to overcome drug resistance and decrease bone resorption. IGF1 is a crucial factor for tumor cell growth and survival of malignant cells, especially in MM. IGFI also contributes to development of drug resistance of MM cells to anti-MM agents, including proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents, but how OCLs contribute to drug resistance is still not clearly delineated. We found that IGF1 was highly expressed in OCLs attached to bone and bone marrow myeloid cells in vivo, and the expression levels of IGF1 in OCLs from MM bearing mice is higher than in normal OCLs. Intriguingly, OCLs produced more IGF1 (0.8 ng/ml/protein) than MM cells (not detected) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) (0.4 ng/ml/protein) in vitro. In addition, IGF1 protein expression in OCLs was upregulated (1.8 fold) by treatment with conditioned media (CM) from 5TGM1 murine MM cells, TNF-α or IL-6, major paracrine factors that are increased in the bone marrow microenvironment in MM. These results suggest that OCLs are a major source of local IGF1 in the MM bone marrow microenvironment. To further characterize the role of OCL-derived IGF1, we generated a novel mouse with targeted deletion of Igf1 in OCLs (IGF1-/--OCL), and assessed the role of OCL-derived IGF1 in drug resistance of MM cells and bone destruction. Treatment of 5TGM1 cells with bortezomib (BTZ) (3 nM, 48 hours) decreased the viability of 5TGM1 cells by 50%. Importantly, the cytotoxic effects of BTZ on MM cells were decreased (by 5%) when MM cells were cocultured with OCLs from wild type (WT) mice. In contrast, coculture of MM cells with IGF1-/--OCLs or WT-OCLs treated with IGF1 neutralizing antibody (IGF1-ab) did not block BTZ's effects on MM cell death. Consistent with these results, coculture of MM cells with IGF1-/--OCLs or WT-OCLs treated with IGF1-ab resulted in BTZ-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in MM cells. We next examined the effects of OCLs on the signaling pathways responsible for MM cell survival. WT-OCL-CM promptly induced the phosphorylation of Akt and activation of p38, ERK and NF-κB in MM cells. However, these pathways were not activated by MM cells treated with IGF1-/--OCL-CM or IGF1-ab-treated WT-OCL-CM. Since adhesion of MM cells to BMSCs via interaction of VLA-4 and VCAM-1 plays a critical role in cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAMDR) in MM, we tested if treatment of human BMSCs with human OCL-CM upregulated VCAM-1 expression. We found that OCL-CM upregulated VCAM-1 expression on BMSCs (x fold). In contrast, treatment of BMSCs with OCLs treated with IGF1-ab blocked VCAM-1 induction. These data suggest that OCL-derived IGF1 can contribute to MM cell drug resistance in the bone marrow microenvironment. We then examined the role of IGF1 inhibition on osteoclastogenesis and the bone resorption capacity of OCLs. RANK ligand induced the expression of cathepsin K and NFATc1 in CD11b+ bone marrow cells from WT mice, differentiation markers of OCLs, and the formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated OCLs. However, OCLs formed by RANK ligand treatment of CD11b+ bone marrow cells from IGF1-/- mice had markedly decreased cathepsin K and NFATc1 expression and OCL formation. Next, we tested the bone resorption capacity of OCLs formed by CD11b+ bone marrow cells from IGF1-/- mice vs. WT mice. Similar numbers of OCLs were cultured with RANK ligand on bone slices for 72 hours. The bone resorption activity of Igf1-/--OCLs was significantly decreased (70%) compared with WT-OCLs. These results suggest that OCL-derived IGF1 plays a critical role in MM drug resistance and bone destruction, and that inhibition of the effect of IGF1 in OCLs should decrease MM drug resistance and bone destruction. Disclosures Roodman: Amgen trial of Denosumab versus Zoledronate: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

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Bone remodeling stages under physiological conditions and glucocorticoid in excess: Focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms

Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems ◽

10.15421/022130 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 212-227

Author(s):

V. V. Povoroznyuk ◽

N. V. Dedukh ◽

M. A. Bystrytska ◽

V. S. Shapovalov

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Bone Resorption ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Bone Remodeling ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Signaling Molecules ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Bone Cell Differentiation ◽

Repressive Effect

This review provides a rationale for the cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling stages under physiological conditions and glucocorticoids (GCs) in excess. Remodeling is a synchronous process involving bone resorption and formation, proceeding through stages of: (1) resting bone, (2) activation, (3) bone resorption, (4) reversal, (5) formation, (6) termination. Bone remodeling is strictly controlled by local and systemic regulatory signaling molecules. This review presents current data on the interaction of osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone remodeling and defines the role of osteoprogenitor cells located above the resorption area in the form of canopies and populating resorption cavities. The signaling pathways of proliferation, differentiation, viability, and cell death during remodeling are presented. The study of signaling pathways is critical to understanding bone remodeling under normal and pathological conditions. The main signaling pathways that control bone resorption and formation are RANK / RANKL / OPG; M-CSF – c-FMS; canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways Wnt; Notch; MARK; TGFβ / SMAD; ephrinB1/ephrinB2 – EphB4, TNFα – TNFβ, and Bim – Bax/Bak. Cytokines, growth factors, prostaglandins, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin, and estrogens also act as regulators of bone remodeling. The role of non-encoding microRNAs and long RNAs in the process of bone cell differentiation has been established. MicroRNAs affect many target genes, have both a repressive effect on bone formation and activate osteoblast differentiation in different ways. Excess of glucocorticoids negatively affects all stages of bone remodeling, disrupts molecular signaling, induces apoptosis of osteocytes and osteoblasts in different ways, and increases the life cycle of osteoclasts. Glucocorticoids disrupt the reversal stage, which is critical for the subsequent stages of remodeling. Negative effects of GCs on signaling molecules of the canonical Wingless (WNT)/β-catenin pathway and other signaling pathways impair osteoblastogenesis. Under the influence of excess glucocorticoids biosynthesis of biologically active growth factors is reduced, which leads to a decrease in the expression by osteoblasts of molecules that form the osteoid. Glucocorticoids stimulate the expression of mineralization inhibitor proteins, osteoid mineralization is delayed, which is accompanied by increased local matrix demineralization. Although many signaling pathways involved in bone resorption and formation have been discovered and described, the temporal and spatial mechanisms of their sequential turn-on and turn-off in cell proliferation and differentiation require additional research.

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The role of probiotic on alveolar bone resorption

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) ◽

10.20473/j.djmkg.v44.i3.p117-121 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 117

Author(s):

Desi Sandra Sari ◽

Zahara Meilawaty ◽

M. Nurul Amin

Keyword(s):

Bone Resorption ◽

Alveolar Bone

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Nox4 Mediates RANKL-induced ER-Phagy and Osteoclastogenesis via Activating ROS/PERK/eIF-2α/ATF4 Pathway

10.21203/rs.3.rs-34288/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jing Sun ◽

wugui chen ◽

Songtao Li ◽

Sizhen Yang ◽

Ying Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Bone Resorption ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Nuclear Factor Κb ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Unfolded Protein ◽

Regulatory Effects ◽

Protein Response

Abstract Background: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) has been found to induce osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: Osteoclastogenesis was evaluated by number of TRAP-positive multinuclear (≥3) osteoclasts, bone resorption pits and expression levels of related genes. Autophagy activity were evaluated by LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, number of autophagic vacuoles and adenovirus-mRFP-GFP-tagged LC3 reporting system; Inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) was used to verified the role of autophagy in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis; Via downregulating Nox4 with inhibitor (DPI) and retrovirus-conveyed shRNA, we further explored the importance of Nox4 in RANKL-induced autophagy and osteoclastogenesis, as well as the regulatory effects of Nox4 on nonmitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and PERK/eIF-2α/ATF4 pathway. Intracellular ROS scavenger (NAC), mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant (MitoTEMPO) and inhibitor of PERK (GSK2606414) were also employed to investigate the role of ROS and PERK/eIF-2α/ATF4 pathway in RANKL-induced autophagy and osteoclastogenesis. Results: RANKL markedly increased autophagy, while CQ treatment caused reduction of RANKL-induced autophagy and osteoclastogenesis. Consistent with the increased autophagy, the protein levels of Nox4 were significantly increased, and Nox4 was selectively localized within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after RANKL stimulation. DPI and shRNA efficiently decreased the protein level and (or) activity of Nox4 in the ER and inhibited RANKL-induced autophagy and osteoclastogenesis. Mechanistically, we found that Nox4 regulates RANKL-induced autophagy activation and osteoclastogenesis by stimulating the production of nonmitochondrial ROS. Additionally, Nox4-derived nonmitochondrial ROS dramatically activate PERK/eIF-2α/ATF4, which is a critical unfolded protein response (UPR)-related signaling pathway during ER stress. Blocking the activation of the PERK/eIF-2α/ATF4 signaling pathway either by Nox4 shRNA, ROS antioxidant or PERK inhibitor (GSK2606414) treatment significantly inhibited endoplasmic reticulum autophagy (ER-phagy) during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Conclusions: Our findings provide new insights into the processes of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and will help the development of new therapeutic strategies for osteoclastogenesis-related diseases.

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The role of osteocytes in bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement

Orthodontic Waves ◽

10.1016/j.odw.2014.09.005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 112-113

Author(s):

Tsutomu Matsumoto ◽

Tadahiro Iimura ◽

Kenji Ogura ◽

Keiji Moriyama ◽

Akira Yamaguchi

Keyword(s):

Bone Resorption ◽

Tooth Movement ◽

Orthodontic Tooth Movement

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