scholarly journals Genetically Modified Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean in the USA: Adoption Factors, Impacts and Prospects - A Review

2009 ◽  
pp. 257-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Bonny
1993 ◽  
Vol 342 (1301) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  

Ripening of fleshy fruits involves major changes in physiology and biochemistry that alter their colour, flavour, texture, aroma and nutritional value. These changes affect all cell compartments and require the expression of new genes encoding enzymes that catalyse reactions essential for the development of quality attributes. In climacteric fruits, such as tomato, ethylene functions as a hormone to stimulate changes in gene expression required for ripening. Molecular cloning experiments have led to the isolation of cDNAs encoding many ripening proteins. This has enabled the identification and manipulation of novel plant genes encoding enzymes involved in cell wall texture change, carotenoid biosynthesis, ethylene synthesis and the identification of gene control regions involved in fruit-specific, ripening-specific, and ethylene-regulated gene expression. Antisense and partial sense gene techniques have been developed to generate genetically modified plant lines in which specific genes have been permanently inactivated. These fundamental studies have led to production and evaluation of genetically modified tomato lines with improved colour, texture, storage life, and processing characteristics. Zeneca Seeds has established a new business division, the aim of which is to utilize these techniques for the development of improved fruit and vegetable varieties. In collaboration with Petoseed, Zeneca Seeds is in the process of transferring the genes leading to quality im provement of tomatoes to Petoseed’s elite tomato germplasm. The primary focus is on the development of improved processing hybrids. These are being evaluated in collaboration with Hunt Wesson, a large and diversified tomato processing company. It is planned that products based on this research will be introduced in the USA in 1995.


2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafal Baranski ◽  
Magdalena Klimek-Chodacka ◽  
Aneta Lukasiewicz

AbstractIn this review, we present genetically modified (GM) horticultural events that have passed the regulatory process and have been approved for cultivation or food use in different countries. The first authorization or deregulation of a GM horticultural plant issued 25 years ago initiated a fast expansion of GM organisms (GMO) engineered by using gene transfer technology. The list of GM horticultural species comprises representatives of vegetables, fruit plants and ornamentals. We describe their unique characteristics, often not achievable by conventional breeding, and how they were developed, and the approval process. Information on the adoption of GM horticultural cultivars and sale is accessed if commercialization has occurred. The review comprises, among others, Flavr SavrTM and other tomato cultivars with delayed ripening and improved shelf-life, insect-resistant eggplant (or brinjal), as well as virus-resistant squash, melon and the common bean, and also fruit trees, plum and papaya. Cultivation of the latter was particularly valuable to farmers in Hawaii as it ensured restoration of papaya production devastated earlier by the Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). In contrast, a plum resistant to sharka (Plum pox virus; PPV) deregulated in the USA is still awaiting commercialization. GM events with improved quality include the recently marketed non-browning apple and high-lycopene pineapple. We also present orange petunia, blue ‘Applause’ rose and Moon-series carnations with a modified purple and violet flower colour. Finally, we discuss prospects of GM horticultural plants, including their development using promising new breeding technologies relying on genome editing and considered as an alternative to the transgenic approach.


Author(s):  
Robert MacGregor ◽  
Lejla Vrazalic

The key aim of the study presented in this book is to determine how SMEs located in regional areas are going about e-commerce adoption. The study was undertaken over a period of three years in three highly developed nations all belonging to the OECD and with comparable per capita GDPs and levels of Internet penetration. These included Sweden, Australia, and the USA. In each country, one regional area was surveyed—Varmland (Sweden), Illawarra (Australia), and Salt Lake City (USA).


10.5912/jcb78 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Gray

Looking back over the five years since a similar review of the field, this paper considers some of the research designed to address those uncertainties that, in part, led to the delay in the commercial-scale release of genetically modified (GM) crops in the UK. This research has included studies of the impact of transgenes on crop biology and invasiveness, the frequency and consequences of hybridisation between crops and their wild relatives and, in two costly large-scale investigations in the USA and UK respectively, attempts to assess the environmental impact of GM crops grown on a commercial scale. The first, on the effects of Bt corn on the Monarch butterfly, has important lessons for the risk assessment process. The second, farm-scale evaluations of GM herbicide-tolerant crops, should provide a blueprint for the management of the crops within an agricultural landscape delivering both food and biodiversity.


2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Galbas ◽  
Kamila Borys ◽  
Anna Woźniak ◽  
Marek Selwet

Impact of Globulins Derived from Genetically Modified and Conventional Soybean on Swine Lymphocyte Proliferation in in vitro CulturesThe majority of the global feed market is dominated by the Roundup Ready 40-3-2 transgenic soybean varieties developed and marketed by Monsanto Company, which are characterized by tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient of the Roundup herbicide. It should be remembered, however, that soybean is one of the major allergens which may affect animal health. The aim of the study was to compare allergenic properties of globulins derived from genetically modified (GM) soybean imported from the USA and conventional soybean developed in Poland. Analyses were performed by measuring porcine lymphocyte proliferation in in vitro cultures. It turned out that both genetically modified and conventional soybean proteins caused immune response at the level of negative control. A slight increase in relation to the negative control was observed in the case of 7S and 11S fractions derived from the GM meal and 7S fraction isolated from Nawiko meal.


2002 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa L. Finucane

The rapid globalization of the world economy has increased the need for a knowledge base of reliable socio-cultural differences in perceptions, values and ways of thinking about new food technologies. Awareness of socio-cultural differences is important because collaborative efforts to deal with food hazards presuppose some understanding of where, how and why the viewpoints of various stakeholders may differ. In the present paper factors that influence public perceptions of genetically-modified (GM) food are discussed, with a special focus on the unique circumstances of populations in the USA, Europe and developing countries. It is argued that effective communication and decision making about the risk of GM food depends critically on understanding how socio-cultural groups differ in their values and in the way they deal with the risks and benefits of new technologies. The implications of psychological aspects of perceived risk (including the roles of qualitative dimensions of risk, world views and trust) for public acceptance of new food technologies are highlighted.


2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 2604-2621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Davies

Fluorescent zebrafish are the first genetically modified animals globally, if unevenly, circulated outside of laboratory environments. GloFish® were developed in Singapore. They are widely sold as popular pets in the United States, but their public sale is banned in Europe and elsewhere. On the trail of these animals, I trace a fragmentary biogeography through ethnographic encounters in the spaces of scientific research, animal exhibits, pet stores, and art galleries, in Europe, the USA, and Singapore. At each site, as the colour, light, and intensities of neon flicker with the potential for life, and concern for animal lives move in and out of focus, I ask: what is the proper way of knowing and living with genetically altered zebrafish? To ask the question is to open up a conversation about the changing constitution of science and space, representation, and reproduction in relation to these new forms of life. To try to answer it demands attention to a baroque patterning of scientific practices, aesthetic sensibilities, ethical responsibilities, and political spatialities. In a discursive arena typically characterised by narratives of linearity—whether of scientific progress or slippery slopes—I suggest the affective sensibilities, theatrical qualities, and unresolved elements of the baroque offer powerful, if ambivalent, resources for reflection on the intersection between the animating aesthetics and turbulent ethics of postgenomic life.


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