Heat Release Characteristics and Combustion Heat of Timber

Epoxy was effectively resin infused with 15 %wt intumescing Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) flame retardant (FR) formulations into a 10 %wt palm EFB natural fiber (NF) mat. The effects of ATH and its intumescing blend with Zinc Borate (ZB) and Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) on flammability, thermal and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. Compared to neat NF filled epoxy composites, specimens loaded with intumescing blend of FR formulations demonstrated an improved thermal properties, showing greater mass residual which can be attributed to the formation of cross-linked network amongst the NF, FRs and epoxy matrix upon combustion at elevated temperature tested within a TGA instrument. Incorporation of fibers drastically enhanced the mass residue and lowered the heat release compare to the pure epoxy. Addition of the intumescing blend of FR formulations also drastically reduces the combustion heat release, total mass loss and zero drip flame in the NF composites. The optimum FRs formulation with 5 %wt ATH and 10 %wt APP exhibited self-extinguishing property, achieved lowest mass loss and no drip flame under Bunsen burner tests, signifying the synergistic effects between ATH and APP within the NF epoxy composites. APP reacts with the carbonaceous network of NF throughout the ignition period, such interaction formed a thick char layer acting as gas and thermal barrier against the fire mechanism. This reaction does not take place in NF composite specimens without APP. In terms of mechanical properties, NF composites loaded with FRs broadly showed poorer tensile strength, mainly due to the existence of FRs, which acted as a nucleating agent affected the physico-mechanical characteristics of the composites. Amongst the FR rich formulations, specimens with APP or ZB blends seem to possess a more superior tensile strength compared with the neat ATH filled formulation. In addition, composites loaded with FRs showed enhanced Young’s modulus relative to those without addition of FRs.

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Combustion heat release estimation by means of thermal imaging

Scientific Technical Review ◽

10.5937/str1803064t ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 64-69

Author(s):

Ljubiša Tomić ◽

Vesna Damnjanović ◽

Katarina Mišković ◽

Darko Vasiljević ◽

Danica Pavlović ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Thermal Imaging ◽

Combustion Heat

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Combustion Heat-Release Effects on Supersonic Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers

AIAA Journal ◽

10.2514/1.j053585 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 53 (7) ◽

pp. 1949-1968 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Zhenxun Gao ◽

Chongwen Jiang ◽

Shaowu Pan ◽

Chun-Hian Lee

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Boundary Layers ◽

Turbulent Boundary Layers ◽

Combustion Heat

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A Study of the Thermal Degradation and Combustion Characteristics of Some Materials Commonly Used in the Construction Sector

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11111833 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1833 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Javier Arturo Piedrahita Solorzano ◽

Khalid Abu Mohammad Moinuddin ◽

Svetlana Tretsiakova-McNally ◽

Paul Joseph

Keyword(s):

Thermal Degradation ◽

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Inner Core ◽

Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Combustion Heat ◽

Internal Core ◽

Combustion Flow

In the present work, some materials that are commonly used in the construction industry were studied with regard to their thermal degradation characteristics and combustion attributes. These included façade materials for pre-fabricated houses, such as the layers of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and the inner core of aluminium composite panels (ACPs). The relevant investigations were carried out by employing thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC). The Arrhenius parameters and the associated calorimetric quantities, i.e., heat release rates, temperature to the peak heat release rate, heats of combustion, heat release capacities, and char yields, were also evaluated. These parameters showed that CLT is more fire retarded than the polymeric internal core of ACP façade materials. Furthermore, some valuable correlations among the various test quantities were found. For instance, a good correlation exists between the general profiles of the thermograms obtained through TGA runs and the heat release rate (HRR) traces from PCFC measurements. Depending on the nature of the materials, the char yields measured by PCFC can be 4–20 times higher than the ones obtained through TGA.

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Effect of Combustion Heat Release on the Stability of Confined Boundary/Mixing-layer Confluent Flow

Procedia Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.541 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 99 ◽

pp. 320-326

Author(s):

Liu Zhiyong ◽

Shang Qing ◽

Liu Xiaoyong ◽

Fei Lisen ◽

Liu Fengjun

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Mixing Layer ◽

Combustion Heat ◽

Boundary Mixing ◽

The Stability

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Research on Combustion Heat Release Rate Testing Technology Based on TDLAS

Procedia Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.proeng.2016.01.086 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 135 ◽

pp. 107-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jian-yong Liu ◽

Xia Zhao ◽

Shi-jie Gao ◽

Xiao-qian Ma

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Combustion Heat ◽

Rate Testing ◽

Testing Technology

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Combustion Model for a Homogeneous Turbocharged Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.4039813 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 140 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sedigheh Tolou ◽

Ravi Teja Vedula ◽

Harold Schock ◽

Guoming Zhu ◽

Yong Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Direct Injection ◽

Operation Mode ◽

Gasoline Direct Injection ◽

Combustion Model ◽

Combustion Heat ◽

Engine Operation ◽

Release Analysis ◽

Gdi Engine ◽

Homogeneous Charge

Homogeneous charge is a preferred operation mode of gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engines. However, a limited amount of work exists in the literature for combustion models of this mode of engine operation. Current work describes a model developed to study combustion in a homogeneous charge GDI engine. The model was validated using experimental data from a 1.6 L Ford EcoBoost® engine, tested at the U.S. EPA. The combustion heat release was approximated using a double-Wiebe function, to account for the rapid initial premixed combustion followed by a gradual diffusion-like state of combustion, as observed in this GDI engine. Variables of Wiebe correlations were adjusted into a semipredictive combustion model. The effectiveness of semipredictive combustion model was tested in prediction of in-cylinder pressures. The root-mean-square (RMS) errors between experiments and numerical results were within 2.5% of in-cylinder peak pressures during combustion. The semipredictive combustion model was further studied to develop a predictive combustion model. The performance of predictive combustion model was examined by regenerating the experimental cumulative heat release. The heat release analysis developed for the GDI engine was further applied to a dual mode, turbulent jet ignition (DM-TJI) engine. DM-TJI is a distributed combustion technology with the potential to provide diesel-like efficiencies and minimal engine-out emissions for spark-ignition engines. The DM-TJI engine was observed to offer a faster burn rate and lower in-cylinder heat transfer compared to the GDI engine.

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