Teaching and Learning Electricity: The Relations Between Macroscopic Level Observations and Microscopic Level Theories

2013 ◽  
pp. 129-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenaro Guisasola
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Macroscopic Level

Hypokinetic Movement Disorders: Parkinson Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 576-582
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Tisel ◽  
Bryan T. Klassen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Movement Disorder ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Rest Tremor ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Progressive Degeneration

Parkinson disease (PD) is the classic hypokinetic movement disorder and one of the most common and widely recognized neurodegenerative conditions. PD is distinct from parkinsonism, a term that refers to a syndrome of rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The mechanism behind the progressive degeneration and cell death that result in PD is not precisely understood. Substantia nigra depigmentation occurs on a macroscopic level and loss of dopaminergic neurons and gliosis on a microscopic level.

Dual-Level Attack Detection, Characterization and Response for Networks Under DDoS Attacks

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Anjali Sardana ◽  
Ramesh C. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Ddos Attacks ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Coarse Level ◽  
Network Functionality ◽  
In Transit

DDoS attacks aim to deny legitimate users of the services. In this paper, the authors introduce dual - level attack detection (D-LAD) scheme for defending against the DDoS attacks. At higher and coarse level, the macroscopic level detectors (MaLAD) attempt to detect congestion inducing attacks which cause apparent slowdown in network functionality. At lower and fine level, the microscopic level detectors (MiLAD) detect sophisticated attacks that cause network performance to degrade gracefully and stealth attacks that remain undetected in transit domain and do not impact the victim. The response mechanism then redirects the suspicious traffic of anomalous flows to honeypot trap for further evaluation. It selectively drops the attack packets and minimizes collateral damage in addressing the DDoS problem. Results demonstrate that this scheme is very effective and provides the quite demanded solution to the DDoS problem.

Red Onions, Elodea, or Decalcified Chicken Eggs? Selecting & Sequencing Representations for Teaching Diffusion & Osmosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 392-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna Lankford ◽  
Patricia Friedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Experienced Teachers ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Chicken Eggs

Diffusion and osmosis are important biological concepts that students often struggle to understand. These are important concepts because they are the basis for many complex biological processes, such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration. We examine a wide variety of representations used by experienced teachers to teach diffusion and osmosis. To help teachers select appropriate representations for their students, we briefly describe each representation and discuss its pros and cons. After teachers select representations, we offer recommendations for sequencing them. We recommend beginning with macroscopic-level representations that easily allow students to visualize the phenomenon, then moving to microscopic-level representations (cell-level), and finally exploring the phenomenon at the molecular level using virtual representations.

scholarly journals Probing neutron star interiors with pulsar glitches

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S337) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynmor Haskell
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Star ◽  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Vortex Motion ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Microscopic Scale ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Theoretical Progress

AbstractPulsar glitches are thought to be probes of the superfluid interior of neutron stars. These sudden jumps in frequency observed in many pulsars are generally assumed to be the macroscopic manifestation of superfluid vortex motion on a microscopic scale. Resolving and modelling such phenomena on the scale of a neutron star is, however, a challenging problem which still remains open, fifty years after the discovery of pulsars. In this article I will review recent theoretical progress, both on the microscopic level and on the macroscopic level, and discuss which constraints on the models can be provided by observations.

Boltzmann Entropy & Equilibrium in Non-Isolated Systems

2017 ◽  
pp. 74-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Gianinetti
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Boltzmann Entropy ◽  
Microscopic Approach ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Probable Distribution ◽  
Isolated Systems ◽  
Most Probable Distribution

The microscopic approach of statistical mechanics has developed a series of formal expressions that, depending on the different features of the system and/or process involved, allow for calculating the value of entropy from the microscopic state of the system. This value is maximal when the particles attain the most probable distribution through space and the most equilibrated sharing of energy between them. At the macroscopic level, this means that the system is at equilibrium, a stable condition wherein no net statistical force emerges from the overall behaviour of the particles. If no force is available then no work can be done and the system is inert. This provides the bridge between the probabilistic equilibration that occurs at the microscopic level and the classical observation that, at a macroscopic level, a system is at equilibrium when no work can be done by it.

scholarly journals Analisis level makroskopis, mikroskopis dan simbolik mahasiswa dalam memahami elektrokimia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wati Sukmawati
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Particle Movement ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Chemistry Learning ◽  
Chemical Concepts ◽  
Reaction Processes

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pemahaman mahasiswa dilihat dari aspek makroskopis, mikroskopis dan simbolik dalam memahami konsep. Fenomena pembelajaran kimia yang ditemukan hampir selalu terfokus pada tingkat makroskopik berupa rumus dan angka, sedangkan tingkat yang sering luput dari pengematan adalah  tingkat mikroskopik dan simbolik seperti penyajian diagram dan proses reaksi kimia.Salah satu sifat dari ilmu kimia adalah cenderung bersifat abstrak dan kompleks, seperti proses terjadinya reaksi elektrolisis dimana terjadi pergerakan partikel yang tidak dapat diamati oleh mata sehingga sering terjadi miskonsepsi dalam memahami konsep kimia. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada mahasiswa semester satu sebanyak 40 orang di prodi Farmasi Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka. Sampel penelitian ini diambil secara purposive random sampling dengan kuisioner. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil pemahaman mahasiswa pada konsep elektrokimia dilihat dari level makroskopis sebesar 72,75% kategori baik, level mikroskopis sebesar 66,25% kategori baik dan simbolik adalah 70% kategori baik. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembelajaran dengan aspek makroskopis, mikroskopis, simbolik dapat menanamkan konsep secara utuh. AbstractThis research aims to find out the students’ comprehension from the macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic aspects of the concept. The phenomenon of chemistry learning that is found almost focused on the macroscopic level in the form of formulas and numbers, while the level that often missed in some observation is microscopic and symbolic levels; such as diagramming and chemical reaction processes. One of the characteristics of chemistry tends to be abstract and complex, as the process of electrolysis reaction in which the particle movement can’t be observed so that misconceptions often occur in understanding chemical concepts. This research was conducted on 40 first-semester students in the Department of Pharmacy, University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka. The research sample was taken by purposive random sampling with a questionnaire. Based on the result, the students’ comprehension of the electrochemistry concept have 72,75% good category in macroscopic level, 66,25% good category in microscopic level, and 70% good category in symbolic. So, it can be concluded that learning with macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic could fulfill the concept perfectly.

scholarly journals Asymptotics of locally-interacting Markov chains with global signals

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-440
Author(s):  
Ulrich Horst
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chains ◽  
Random Systems ◽  
Infinite Product ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Convergence Result ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Product Spaces ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Sufficient Conditions For Convergence

We study the long-run behaviour of interactive Markov chains on infinite product spaces. The behaviour at a single site is influenced by the local situation in some neighbourhood and by a random signal about the average situation throughout the whole system. The asymptotic behaviour of such Markov chains is analyzed on the microscopic level and on the macroscopic level of empirical fields. We give sufficient conditions for convergence on the macroscopic level. Combining a convergence result from the theory of random systems with complete connections with a perturbation of the Dobrushin-Vasserstein contraction technique, we show that macroscopic convergence implies that the underlying microscopic process has local asymptotic loss of memory.

scholarly journals Asymptotics of locally-interacting Markov chains with global signals

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 416-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Horst
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chains ◽  
Random Systems ◽  
Infinite Product ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Convergence Result ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Product Spaces ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Sufficient Conditions For Convergence

We study the long-run behaviour of interactive Markov chains on infinite product spaces. The behaviour at a single site is influenced by the local situation in some neighbourhood and by a random signal about the average situation throughout the whole system. The asymptotic behaviour of such Markov chains is analyzed on the microscopic level and on the macroscopic level of empirical fields. We give sufficient conditions for convergence on the macroscopic level. Combining a convergence result from the theory of random systems with complete connections with a perturbation of the Dobrushin-Vasserstein contraction technique, we show that macroscopic convergence implies that the underlying microscopic process has local asymptotic loss of memory.

scholarly journals Processes of Obtaining Building Materials and Their Study Through the Theory of Scattered Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-664
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Macroscopic Level

Building materials must meet several requirements so that they can be used in a given application. These requirements are determined from the measurement of physical properties, depending on the nature of the components. This paper presents a set of mathematical processes and analyses to be carried out for new materials development according to the theory of dispersed or polydispersive systems, including a set of proposed steps to characterize such materials as the criteria for the study. Studies are considered at the microscopic level from the interaction of the elements and the macroscopic level from properties for emulsion cases, including viscosity.

Dual-Level Attack Detection, Characterization, and Response for Networks under DDoS Attacks

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Anjali Sardana ◽  
Ramesh C. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Ddos Attacks ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Coarse Level ◽  
Network Functionality ◽  
In Transit

DDoS attacks aim to deny legitimate users of the services. In this paper, the authors introduce dual - level attack detection (D-LAD) scheme for defending against the DDoS attacks. At higher and coarse level, the macroscopic level detectors (MaLAD) attempt to detect congestion inducing attacks which cause apparent slowdown in network functionality. At lower and fine level, the microscopic level detectors (MiLAD) detect sophisticated attacks that cause network performance to degrade gracefully and stealth attacks that remain undetected in transit domain and do not impact the victim. The response mechanism then redirects the suspicious traffic of anomalous flows to honeypot trap for further evaluation. It selectively drops the attack packets and minimizes collateral damage in addressing the DDoS problem. Results demonstrate that this scheme is very effective and provides the quite demanded solution to the DDoS problem.

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