Red Onions, Elodea, or Decalcified Chicken Eggs? Selecting & Sequencing Representations for Teaching Diffusion & Osmosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 392-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna Lankford ◽  
Patricia Friedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Level ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Experienced Teachers ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Chicken Eggs

Diffusion and osmosis are important biological concepts that students often struggle to understand. These are important concepts because they are the basis for many complex biological processes, such as photosynthesis and cellular respiration. We examine a wide variety of representations used by experienced teachers to teach diffusion and osmosis. To help teachers select appropriate representations for their students, we briefly describe each representation and discuss its pros and cons. After teachers select representations, we offer recommendations for sequencing them. We recommend beginning with macroscopic-level representations that easily allow students to visualize the phenomenon, then moving to microscopic-level representations (cell-level), and finally exploring the phenomenon at the molecular level using virtual representations.

Recent advances in multivalent carbon nanoform-based glycoconjugates

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Ramos-Soriano ◽  
Mattia Ghirardello ◽  
M. Carmen Galan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Disease Mechanisms ◽  
Recent Advances

: Multivalent carbohydrate-mediated interactions are fundamental to many biological processes, including disease mechanisms. To study these significant glycan-mediated interactions at a molecular level, carbon nanoforms such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, or graphene and their derivatives have been identified as promising biocompatible scaffolds that can mimic the multivalent presentation of biologically relevant glycans. In this minireview, we will summarize the most relevant examples of the last few years in the context of their applications.

scholarly journals Understanding the Catalytic Activity of Microporous and Mesoporous Zeolites in Cracking by Experiments and Simulations

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1114
Author(s):  
Shih-Cheng Li ◽  
Yen-Chun Lin ◽  
Yi-Pei Li
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Shape Selectivity ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Hydrocarbon Cracking ◽  
Mesoporous Zeolites ◽  
Secondary Reactions ◽  
Pros And Cons

Porous zeolite catalysts have been widely used in the industry for the conversion of fuel-range molecules for decades. They have the advantages of higher surface area, better hydrothermal stability, and superior shape selectivity, which make them ideal catalysts for hydrocarbon cracking in the petrochemical industry. However, the catalytic activity and selectivity of zeolites for hydrocarbon cracking are significantly affected by the zeolite topology and composition. The aim of this review is to survey recent investigations on hydrocarbon cracking and secondary reactions in micro- and mesoporous zeolites, with the emphasis on the studies of the effects of different porous environments and active site structures on alkane adsorption and activation at the molecular level. The pros and cons of different computational methods used for zeolite simulations are also discussed in this review.

Hypokinetic Movement Disorders: Parkinson Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 576-582
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Tisel ◽  
Bryan T. Klassen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Movement Disorder ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Rest Tremor ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Progressive Degeneration

Parkinson disease (PD) is the classic hypokinetic movement disorder and one of the most common and widely recognized neurodegenerative conditions. PD is distinct from parkinsonism, a term that refers to a syndrome of rest tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The mechanism behind the progressive degeneration and cell death that result in PD is not precisely understood. Substantia nigra depigmentation occurs on a macroscopic level and loss of dopaminergic neurons and gliosis on a microscopic level.

Dual-Level Attack Detection, Characterization and Response for Networks Under DDoS Attacks

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Anjali Sardana ◽  
Ramesh C. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Ddos Attacks ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Coarse Level ◽  
Network Functionality ◽  
In Transit

DDoS attacks aim to deny legitimate users of the services. In this paper, the authors introduce dual - level attack detection (D-LAD) scheme for defending against the DDoS attacks. At higher and coarse level, the macroscopic level detectors (MaLAD) attempt to detect congestion inducing attacks which cause apparent slowdown in network functionality. At lower and fine level, the microscopic level detectors (MiLAD) detect sophisticated attacks that cause network performance to degrade gracefully and stealth attacks that remain undetected in transit domain and do not impact the victim. The response mechanism then redirects the suspicious traffic of anomalous flows to honeypot trap for further evaluation. It selectively drops the attack packets and minimizes collateral damage in addressing the DDoS problem. Results demonstrate that this scheme is very effective and provides the quite demanded solution to the DDoS problem.

scholarly journals Metabolism and Functions of Inositol Pyrophosphates: Insights Gained from the Application of Synthetic Analogues

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4515
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Shears ◽  
Huanchen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Synthetic Analogues ◽  
Metabolic Turnover ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inositol Pyrophosphates ◽  
Low Levels

Inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) comprise an important group of intracellular, diffusible cellular signals that a wide range of biological processes throughout the yeast, plant, and animal kingdoms. It has been difficult to gain a molecular-level mechanistic understanding of the actions of these molecules, due to their highly phosphorylated nature, their low levels, and their rapid metabolic turnover. More recently, these obstacles to success are being surmounted by the chemical synthesis of a number of insightful PP-InsP analogs. This review will describe these analogs and will indicate the important chemical and biological information gained by using them.

scholarly journals Allosteric proteins as logarithmic sensors

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (30) ◽  
pp. E4423-E4430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Olsman ◽  
Lea Goentoro
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Logarithmic Scale ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Allosteric Proteins ◽  
Single Protein ◽  
The Many ◽  
Fold Change Detection

Many sensory systems, from vision and hearing in animals to signal transduction in cells, respond to fold changes in signal relative to background. Responding to fold change requires that the system senses signal on a logarithmic scale, responding identically to a change in signal level from 1 to 3, or from 10 to 30. It is an ongoing search in the field to understand the ways in which a logarithmic sensor can be implemented at the molecular level. In this work, we present evidence that logarithmic sensing can be implemented with a single protein, by means of allosteric regulation. Specifically, we find that mathematical models show that allosteric proteins can respond to stimuli on a logarithmic scale. Next, we present evidence from measurements in the literature that some allosteric proteins do operate in a parameter regime that permits logarithmic sensing. Finally, we present examples suggesting that allosteric proteins are indeed used in this capacity: allosteric proteins play a prominent role in systems where fold-change detection has been proposed. This finding suggests a role as logarithmic sensors for the many allosteric proteins across diverse biological processes.

scholarly journals Insights into Neonatal Oral Feeding through the Salivary Transcriptome

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill L. Maron
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Pathway Analysis ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Feeding Skills ◽  
Physiological Pathways ◽  
Nerve Development

Background. The development of safe and effective oral feeding skills in the newborn is complex and may be associated with significant morbidities. Our understanding of neonatal oral feeding maturation at the molecular level is limited, providing an opportunity to utilize emerging molecular techniques to accurately assess neonatal oral feeding skills.Objective. To identify key regulatory genes in neonatal saliva involved in successful oral feeding.Methods. Previously, our laboratory identified 9,286 genes in saliva that statistically significantly altered their gene expression as premature newborns gained advanced oral feeding skills. In this report, genes previously identified underwent an updated and targeted pathway analysis with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify potential candidate genes involved in successful oral feeding. Genes were considered if they were in the five most significantly up- and down-regulated physiological pathways and were associated with the keywords “feeding”, “digestion” and “development”.Results. There were 2,186 genes that met criteria. Pathways associated with feeding behavior, cranial nerve development, and the development of the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems were highlighted.Discussion. These data provide important insights into the biological processes involved in oral feeding in the newborn at a molecular level and identify novel pathways associated with successful oral feeding.

scholarly journals Questions of teaching mathematical analysis in medical universities

KANT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-357
Author(s):  
Liliya Vladimirovna Yantser ◽  
Kira Evgenevna Yantser
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
Modern Technologies

The contradiction between the rapid mathematization of health care through the active introduction of modern technologies and methods based on mathematical achievements in the field of medicine and the lack of a system of training medical students corresponding to these scientific successes, which allows them to carry out mathematical modeling of complex physical, chemical and biological processes at the molecular level for the purpose of their analysis and subsequent forecasting, , problems that arise when teaching mathematical analysis in medical Schools, and possible ways to solve them. The solution identified during the research of problematic issues of teaching of mathematical analysis in medical schools is offered by enhancing the quality of learning through the re-allocated for the development of the discipline course hours stimulate the motivation of students, adjusting content and methodical component of teaching and active introduction in educational process of modern information technologies, elimination of excessive mathematical formalism.

scholarly journals Probing neutron star interiors with pulsar glitches

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (S337) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynmor Haskell
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Star ◽  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Vortex Motion ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Microscopic Scale ◽  
Macroscopic Level ◽  
Theoretical Progress

AbstractPulsar glitches are thought to be probes of the superfluid interior of neutron stars. These sudden jumps in frequency observed in many pulsars are generally assumed to be the macroscopic manifestation of superfluid vortex motion on a microscopic scale. Resolving and modelling such phenomena on the scale of a neutron star is, however, a challenging problem which still remains open, fifty years after the discovery of pulsars. In this article I will review recent theoretical progress, both on the microscopic level and on the macroscopic level, and discuss which constraints on the models can be provided by observations.

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