Specific Action of Chloride Ions at High Concentrations on Thermoluminescence of Chloroplasts

In recent years, significant efforts have been made to accelerate the economic development of the Arctic zone, leading to intense environmental pollution of this region, accompanied by the significant impact of accumulated environmental damage in the region. The solution to these problems is difficult due to the remoteness of these areas and severe climatic conditions. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the potential for restoration of arctic soils. For this purpose, various indicators are used, including biological ones. In the analyzed arctic soil samples, high concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons (up to 47,000 mg/kg) and chloride-ions (0.10–0.14 wt %) were established. Microbioassay demonstrated a presence of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms: Penicillium, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas oleovorans. A low enzymatic activity and specific Arctic climate point out a low self-restoration ability of the soil, demonstrated the need for its remediation. The microbioassay with microbial strains identification and soil remediation methods suitable for the Arctic zone were recommended.

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A Micropuncture Study of Kidney Function in the River Lamprey Lampetra Fluviatilis Adapted to Sea Water

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.88.1.239 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 239-248

Author(s):

A. G. LOGAN ◽

R. MORRIS ◽

J. C. RANKIN

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Kidney Function ◽

Sea Water ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Water Reabsorption ◽

Plasma Electrolyte ◽

River Lamprey ◽

Micropuncture Study ◽

Urine Composition ◽

High Concentrations

Micropuncture techniques have been used to investigate kidney function in lampreys adapted to hyperosmotic media. Plasma electrolyte concentrations were maintained well below corresponding concentrations in the external environment. Urine composition was variable, but generally showed high concentrations of magnesium, sulphate and chloride ions. Lampreys in 50% sea water produced urine which was hypo or iso-osmotic to plasma, whereas those in 100% sea water produced hyperosmotic urine. Urine flow rate in 50% sea water was one tenth of that in fresh water, due to a reduction in filtration rate and an increase in water reabsorption by the kidney. As in fresh water, little if any filtered water was reabsorbed by the proximal segment. Almost 90% of filtered water was reabsorbed by the kidney of 100% sea water lampreys and most of this must have occurred in the distal and collecting segments.

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The chemical stability of mendipite, diaboleïte, chloroxiphite, and cumengéite, and their relationships to other secondary lead(II) minerals

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/minmag.1980.043.331.13 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 43 (331) ◽

pp. 901-904 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

D. Alun Humphreys ◽

John H. Thomas ◽

Peter A. Williams ◽

Robert F. Symes

Keyword(s):

Chloride Ion ◽

Stability Diagram ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Stability Field ◽

Cupric Ion ◽

Free Energy Of Formation ◽

High Concentrations ◽

The Stability ◽

Ph Range

SummaryThe chemical stabilities of mendipite, Pb3O2Cl2, diaboleïte, Pb2CuCl2(OH)4, chloroxiphite, Pb3CuCl2O2(OH)2, and cumengéite, Pb19Cu24Cl42 (OH)44, have been determined in aqueous solution at 298.2 K. Values of standard Gibbs free energy of formation, ΔGf°, for the four minerals are −740, −1160, −1129, and −15163±20 kJ mol−1 respectively. These values have been used to construct the stability diagram shown in fig. I which illustrates their relationships to each other and to the minerals cotunnite, PbCl2, paralaurionite, PbOHCl, and litharge, PbO. This diagram shows that mendipite occupies a large stability field and should readily form from cold, aqueous, mineralizing solutions containing variable amounts of lead and chloride ions, and over a broad pH range. The formation of paralaurionite and of cotunnite requires a considerable increase in chloride ion concentration, although paralaurionite can crystallize under much less extreme conditions than cotunnite. The encroachment of the copper minerals on to the stability fields of those mineral phases containing lead(II) only is significant even at very low relative activities of cupric ion. Chloroxiphite has a large stability field, and at given concentrations of cupric ion, diaboleïte is stable at relatively high aCl−. Cumengéite will only form at high concentrations of chloride ion.

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The impact of different levels of sodium chloride on the quantitative changes of chlorophyll and carotenoids in chloroplasts of Elodea canadensis (Michx. 1803)

Biologija ◽

10.6001/biologija.v61i1.3109 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aleksandrs Petjukevičs ◽

Anna Batjuka ◽

Nataļja Škute

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Photosynthetic Pigments ◽

Physiological State ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Elodea Canadensis ◽

Cellular Damage ◽

Plant Leaves ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Quantitative Changes ◽

The Impact

In this study we used spectrophotometry to investigate the effect of negative concentrations of sodium chloride ions on photosynthetic pigments in <i>Elodea canadensis</i> (Michx. 1803). The concentrations of pigments, carotenoids, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, in plant leaves provide information about the physiological state of plants and were determined using a spectrophotometer. Quantity and dynamics analyses of photosynthetic pigments are effective methods which allow determining changes in metabolites of plant cells even at insignificant cellular damage. During this research photosynthetic pigments in leaves were obtained at the different sodium chloride levels: 0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M. The results of this research indicate that these types of stressors at high concentrations: 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M after a prolonged time of impact on plant leaves lead to a decrease of photosynthetic pigments and inhibit growth and development of a plant as a whole.

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Comparison of the transport properties of three plant sucrose carriers expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp99188 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 27 (9) ◽

pp. 725 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jing-Jiang Zhou ◽

Anthony J. Miller

Keyword(s):

Xenopus Oocytes ◽

Sugar Transport ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Assimilate Transport ◽

In Planta ◽

Ph Values ◽

Sucrose Transporters ◽

Inward Currents ◽

High Concentrations ◽

External Ph

This paper originates from a presentation at the International Conference on Assimilate Transport and Partitioning, Newcastle, NSW, August 1999 Previous work has shown different patterns of expression for the three plant sucrose transporters PmSUC1, PmSUC2 and AtSUC1. Each carrier may therefore have different properties appropriate for the transport function at each location in the plant. To test this hypothesis, a detailed characterisation of each carrier was performed by expressing the protein in Xenopus oocytes. All three carriers were functionally active in oocytes and transported both sucrose and maltose with the sugars eliciting inward currents, which increased at more negative membrane voltages. This effect was greater for AtSUC1 and PmSUC1 than for PmSUC2. The affinities of the carriers for each sugar were different, with PmSUC2 having a 10-fold higher Km for sucrose compared to AtSUC1 and PmSUC1. However, these values for all three carriers were dependent on the external pH and membrane voltage. For both PmSUC1 and PmSUC2 the maximal sugar transport was achieved at external pH values of 6.5–7.5, values which do not appear to be consistent with a proton-coupled mechanism of transport. However, the normal saline used for oocyte experiments contains relatively high concentrations of NaCl that could interfere with the function of the carrier protein. To test this idea the sucrose-elicited currents were measured in saline containing lower concentrations of these ions. Sodium, but not chloride, ions modified the sugar transport activities of the carriers and these effects were different for each carrier, inhibiting AtSUC1 and PmSUC1, but stimulating PmSUC2. The properties of each carrier are discussed in relation to their expression in oocytes and what is known about their pattern of expression in planta.

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High concentrations of sodium and chloride ions have opposing effects on the growth of the xerophyte Pugionium cornutum under saline conditions

Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science ◽

10.1002/jpln.202000148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 184 (1) ◽

pp. 88-97

Author(s):

Yan-Nong Cui ◽

Fang-Zhen Wang ◽

Jian-Zhen Yuan ◽

Huan Guo ◽

Suo-Min Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chloride Ions ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Opposing Effects

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Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Groundwater in Parts of Shamal, Northern Qatar

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development ◽

10.5296/emsd.v7i2.13046 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 181 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Latifa Shaheen Al-Naimi ◽

Tochukwu Innocent Mgbeojedo

Keyword(s):

Water Samples ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Saline Water ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Saline Water Intrusion ◽

Major Cations ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Groundwater Samples ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Groundwater Genesis

Hydrogeochemical analyses of groundwater samples in Shamal area were undertaken to assess the groundwater chemistry of the area and hence determine its suitability for irrigation and other purposes. Thirteen groundwater samples were freshly collected from different functional wells in the area and were analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. The analyzed parameters include TDS, EC, major cations and anions. The water quality study shows that EC ranges from 7891.88-20 736.84 μS/cm, TDS values range from 5050.80-13 271.58 mg/l. Analytical study of water samples shows that sodium varies from 1316.38-3432.39 mg/l, calcium varies from 300.81-799.93 mg/l, magnesium varies from 126.66-381.81 mg/l, potassium varies from 74-181.02 mg/l, chloride values range from 2177.75-6058 mg/l, sulphate values range from 743.87-2448.79 mg/l and bicarbonate values range from 23.13-240.3 mg/l. The high concentrations of sodium and chloride ions are indicators of saline water intrusion. The analyses of the hydrogeochemical ratios were also done to highlight the groundwater genesis and origin of mineralization. The water samples were analyzed for suitability for irrigation using various classification criteria and mathematical formula. The results from analysis of KR, SAR, SSP, PS, EC and %Na all indicate that the water in the area is unfit for use in irrigation.

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Presence and Distribution of Fluoride Ions in Groundwater for Human in a Semiconfined Volcanic Aquifer

Resources ◽

10.3390/resources8020116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 116 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cecilia Judith Valdez-Alegría ◽

Rosa María Fuentes-Rivas ◽

José Luis García-Rivas ◽

Reyna María Guadalupe Fonseca-Montes de Oca ◽

Beatriz García-Gaitán

Keyword(s):

Chloride Ions ◽

Anthropogenic Activity ◽

Fluoride Ions ◽

Rock Interaction ◽

Bicarbonate Ions ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Toluca Valley ◽

Meteoric Precipitation ◽

Mexico Basin

Dental and emaciated fluorosis is derived from the chronic intake of fluoride ions (F−) by consumption of food, tooth products and drinking water from groundwater. Recent reports indicate that in some regions of Mexico, the incidence of fluorosis in temporary and permanent dentitions have increased in recent years. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the presence and distribution of F− ions in semi-confined aquifers, located in the basins of Lerma-Chapala and Valley of México. Temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and alkalinity were determined in situ, in 27 groundwater wells. The hardness, chloride ions (Cl−), free chlorine (Cl2), total dissolved solids (TDS) and bicarbonates (HCO3−), were determined in the laboratory. The high content of bicarbonate ions (HCO3−) is associated with the alteration of silicates and the presence of chloride ions (Cl−) due to the anthropogenic activity. The highest value of fluoride ions (F−) (1.31 mg/L) was identified in a well of the Lerma-Chapala basin and in 25% of the samples (1.056 mg/L) of the Valley of México basin. The groundwater in the Lerma-Chapala basin is of the Ca-HCO3 type and the water in the Valley of Mexico basin is Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3. According to the Gibbs diagram, the water of the Toluca Valley aquifer is recharged by local meteoric precipitation and consequent the water-rock interaction occurs. The correlation analysis shows the significant relationship between F− and CE (R = 0.5933), F− and alkalinity (R = 0.6924), F− and HCO3− (R = 0.6924) and F− and TDS (R = 0.5933). The correlations confirm that the content of fluoride ions present in groundwater is associated with high concentrations of bicarbonate ions and the presence of sodium, due to a process of alteration of the silicates.

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First-Principles Study on the Corrosion Mechanism of Degradable Medical Mg Alloys in the Medium Containing Cl-

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.528.132 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 528 ◽

pp. 132-137

Author(s):

Guo Ying Zhang ◽

Zhi Cheng Luo ◽

Jie Tang ◽

Ye Shu Liu ◽

Chun Ming Liu

Keyword(s):

First Principles ◽

Density Functional ◽

Surface Passivation ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Mg Alloys ◽

Mg Alloy ◽

Alloy Surface ◽

Corrosion Mechanism ◽

Preferential Adsorption ◽

High Concentrations

A first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential method based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) has been used to perform a comparative theoretical study of the adsorption H2O and Cl- on a degradable medical Mg alloy (0001) surface. It is found that H2O molecules bind preferentially at atop sites with a large tilt angle away from the surface normal, Cl- ions are energetically favoured adsorbed on hcp hollow sites. In the aqueous solution containing Cl-, the preferential adsorption of Cl- over H2O on Mg surface prevents the Mg surface passivation and induces the corrosion of degradable medical Mg alloys. For H2O adsorption, the ineraction between H2O molecule and Mg surface makes Mg hydration, and thereby Mg alloy surface passivates and the formation of the protective Mg(OH)2. For Cl- ion adsorption, a 0.44e charge translation from Cl- ion to the Mg alloy surface makes the corrosion potential of Mg alloy surface negativly shifted. Thereby, the activity and the corrosion of magnesium alloy are enhanced. This can explain why degradable medical magnesium alloys corrode quickly in physiological media containing high concentrations of chloride ions.

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Changes in intraruminal function of sheep when drinking saline water

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19720071 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 75-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

B. J. Potter ◽

D. J. Walker ◽

W. W. Forrest

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽

Saline Water ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Microbial Populations ◽

Nacl Solution ◽

Sodium Chloride Solutions ◽

High Concentrations ◽

The Individual

1. A study was made of the changes in electrolyte concentrations and ruminal function which resulted from the provision of 1.3% sodium chloride solutions instead of fresh water to sheep consuming roughage rations in chaffed and in ground pelleted forms.2. Significantly higher osmotic pressures were observed in the rumen fluid of the sheep drinking saline water, the change being especially marked when the ration was ground and pelleted.3. Of the individual electrolytes measured, chloride showed a larger rise in concentration than did sodium plus potassium and it appeared that the sodium and chloride ions in the ingested saline water were differentially removed from the rumen.4. Provision of 1.3% NaCl solution in place of fresh water resulted in greater voluntary intakes of fluid and consequently in greater flows of fluid through the rumen.5. Based upon measurements of deoxyribonucleic acid and polysaccharide, there appeared to be a tendency for the total microbial populations in the rumens of sheep drinking 1.3% NaCl solution to be smaller than for the sheep drinking fresh water.6. The total metabolic activity of the rumen flora, measured calorimetrically, was not appreciably changed when saline water was drunk and the chaffed ration eaten, but was significantly reduced when the ration was ground and pelleted.7. Adaptation of the rumen microflora to high concentrations of NaCl was demonstrated in animals accustomed to drinking 1.3% NaCl solution.

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