Study of the Behavior of Air Parcels, using PIXE, Hysplit and Wind Rose in the Metropolitan Zone of Toluca Valley, Mexico

Aim: The objective of this work was to determine the behavior of the trajectories of the air plots in two sites (San Mateo Atenco-(SM) and San Lorenzo Tepaltitlán-(SL)), in the atmosphere of the Metropolitan Zone of the Toluca Valley (MZTV). Methodology: In the atmosphere of the MZTV, using HYSPLIT a Backward trajectory direction analysis was performed from June 29 to July 8, 2021, considering for each day the summertime schedules of the center, indicating its Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). An ANOVA analysis (with a significance level of α=0.05) was performed for the concentrations of SM and SL obtained with PIXE, with the objective of seeing the equality of their behavior. Results: The behavior of the direction of the trajectories of the air plots in both sites is similar and the trajectories for the same day are the same in both sites but different on another day; It was determined that during night-day (19 to 12 h of the following day) the behavior is similar and changes during the remaining time, being variable. In general, the origin of the trajectories of the air plots for both sites of the MZTV is predominantly from the southeast, a situation that was confirmed with Wind Roses. Of the ANOVA analysis, the p-value was in all cases greater than the significance level of 0.05, the null hypothesis was accept, and it is possible to conclude that the elemental chemical composition of PM2.5 have equal means in both sites. Conclusion: Among other, it is possible to consider the behavior of meteorological parameters and thus take them into account for sampling studies of criteria pollutants such as PM2.5.

Sources of Risk to the Health of the Population, by Inhalation of PM2.5 in the Toluca Valley, Mexico

Introduction: PM2.5 air pollution causes death and morbidity in populations, 4.2 million premature deaths have been reported worldwide per year and can cause cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer, among other diseases. As a result, it is important to know the sources that produce them.Objective: Determine the possible Sources of Risk (SR) to health, by inhalation of Elemental Chemical Composition (EQC) obtained from PM2.5 samples in the Toluca Valley (TV).Method: Sampling was carried out (26/11/16-14/03/18) in San Mateo Atenco, Ceboruco, Nueva Oxtotitlán, San Lorenzo Tepaltitlán, Zinacantepec and San Cristóbal Huichochitlán, using medium volume equipment every six days for 24 hours. It was calculated: gravimetry, analysis by atomic technique PIXE (Proton Induced X-Ray Emission) to obtain the EQC. The emission sources were determined with multivariate analysis, the elemental risk for three sensitive classes of the population and their possible sources of risk. Results: The SRs determined: Dust-Soil, Industry, Hydrocarbons, Vehicle, Burn-Fuels, Fine Gravimetric Mass, Coal burning, Metallurgy and Sulphates. Discussion: The SRs with the highest values, for sensitive populations, were Industry and Dust-Soil, this as a consequence of the large number of existing industries that produce EQC. Conclusion: The risks of inhalation of EQC present in PM2.5 for sampling sites were high, because of this there is a high probability of contracting some diseases that can be caused by EQC. The risk determined for sources in the ZMTV, to date, does not exist in similar research in the literature.

Spatial Evaluation of Health Risk due to Inhalation of PM2.5 Pollutants in the Metropolitan Areas of Toluca Valley and Mexico Valley

Aims: In the present work, health risk from inhalation of PM2.5 pollutants in both areas was assessed spatially Place and Duration of Study: The metropolitan areas of the Toluca (MATV) and Mexico Valleys (MAMV), between September and November 2009. Methodology: A simultaneous sampling campaign was conducted in the Toluca and Mexico Valleys on alternate days from September-22 to November-29, 2009. From the samples collected, their gravimetric concentration was obtained, and S, Cl, K, Ca Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb were determined using the particle-induced X-ray emission technique (PIXE). Results: The health risk by inhalation of PM2.5 with a higher result for the metropolitan area of the Toluca Valley (2.09 for adults, 6.25 for children from 6-12 years old, and 6.58 for children from 2-6 years old) in contrast with that of the metropolitan area of the Mexico Valley (1.67 for adults, 5.20 for children from 6-12 years old, and 5.28 for children from 2-6 years old). Conclusion: These results are perhaps due to the higher concentration of Cl and Mn for the MATV. Additionally, the air parcels from sampling site MAMV go to MATV and thus contributes to an increased health risk from inhalation of PM2.5. There are health risks for the inhalation of PM2.5 in the MATV and MAMV study areas. The risk only considers the elemental risk. There are no similar studies for this comparison between MATV and MAMV in the literature.

An Overview of Bioaerosols Suspended in the Atmosphere of Metropolitan Zone of Toluca Valley

Particulate matter (PM) is recognized as a type of pollutant emitted through the air that generates adverse health effects. Bioaerosols are PM of biological origin, that has not been morphologically characterized as exhaustively as other types of PM. The term bioaerosols collectively refers to all dead or living airborne particles with biological origins, including pollen, fungi, bacteria, viruses, plant or animal debris, as well as fragments and products of pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogenic airborne microorganisms may have public health consequences. Bioaerosols suspended in ambient air from the Metropolitan Zone of Toluca Valley (MZTV), State of Mexico were identified by scanning electron microscopy followed by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, to determine their morphology, elemental chemical composition, and average sizes. The bioaerosols detected were pollen, spores, microorganisms, fragments, and diatoms that exhibited diverse morphological structures; while some particles had rough or smooth surfaces, others were spongy and spherical or had irregular or thorny surfaces. Others, yet, had well-structured surfaces such as the amoeba that were detected in the study. EDS analyses carried out on SEM samples demonstrated that C and O were the main chemical elements of them. The main components of diatoms were the silicon and oxygen. The particle radii (r) of detected pollen was 2 µm ≤ r ≤ 23 µm, spores were 0.17 µm ≤ r ≤ 3.7 µm, microorganisms were 0.16 µm ≤ r ≤ 12 µm, and diatoms were 2.3 µm ≤ r ≤ 23 µm. Bioaerosols aerodynamic sizes range can be potentially poses adverse health effects. Resumen. El material particulado (MP) se reconoce como un tipo de contaminante emitido a través del aire que genera efectos adversos para la salud. Los bioaerosoles son MP de origen biológico, que no han sido caracterizados morfológicamente tan exhaustivamente como otros tipos de MP. El término bioaerosoles se refiere colectivamente a todas las partículas muertas o vivas transportadas por el aire con orígenes biológicos, que incluyen polen, hongos, bacterias, virus, restos de plantas o animales, así como fragmentos y productos de microorganismos patógenos. Los microorganismos patógenos transportados por el aire pueden tener consecuencias para la salud pública. Los bioaerosoles suspendidos en el aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de Toluca (MZTV), Estado de México, fueron identificados mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido seguido de espectroscopía de rayos X de energía dispersiva, para determinar su morfología, composición química elemental y tamaño promedio. Los bioaerosoles detectados fueron polen, esporas, microorganismos, fragmentos y diatomeas que exhibieron diversas estructuras morfológicas; mientras que algunas partículas tenían superficies rugosas o lisas, otras eran esponjosas y esféricas o tenían superficies irregulares o espinosas. Otros, sin embargo, tenían superficies bien estructuradas como la ameba que se detectó en el estudio. Los análisis de MEB-EDS realizados en muestras demostraron que el C y el O eran los principales elementos químicos de las mismas. Los principales componentes de las diatomeas fueron el silicio y el oxígeno. El radio de partícula (r) del polen fue de 2 µm ≤ r ≤ 23 µm, las esporas fueron de 0.17 µm ≤ r ≤ 3.7 µm, los microorganismos fueron de 0.16 µm ≤ r ≤ 12 µm y las diatomeas fueron de 2.3 µm ≤ r ≤ 23 µm. El intervalo de tamaños aerodinámicos de los bioaerosoles puede presentar efectos adversos para la salud.

Estudio comparativo del bienestar organizacional durante la pandemia

The objective of this research is to analyze the change in organizational well-being, due to voluntary confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic, through a correlational comparative study to identify key variables for improvement. The methodology that was applied was, through a sample of 504 students and university professors from the Toluca Valley, in which, through an electronic form, information was collected on the positive emotions they experienced before confinement and six months after remaining in that condition. The standard deviations were calculated for each variable, when representing the results by means of a radial graph, it is possible to appreciate the detriment of each one, however the proportion in which they change differentiated led to the elaboration of a correlation-covariance matrix. The analysis of the results, using the spreadsheet and the conditional format in the matrix, allows identifying key variables that the organization can promote to improve organizational well-being.

Critical variables in the profile of the seller of new vehicles in the Toluca Valley

One of the industries that contribute a greater proportion to the GDP in Mexico is the automotive industry, which is why it is one of the engines of the National economy. Given the diversity of brands that compete in the market, differentiation is a very important element, however it is necessary to adapt to consumer preferences and know how to communicate it. In this sense, the sales staff of the automotive marketer is responsible for identifying the needs of the potential customer and convincing him about the purchase. The objective of this research is to analyze the seller's profile using the MORACH feedback model, to identify the critical variables for successful sales, as well as the areas of opportunity for the sales force. It is analyzed by applying the MORACH model and the 360 ° Assessment. The main contribution is to provide the identification of critical factors in times of crisis, such as that caused by COVID-19.

Delimitation of potential areas for groundwater recharge in the Toluca Valley aquifer

Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living beings, it is essential for food security and the health of ecosystems. It occupies 75% of the planet's surface, however, only 3% is available to man for consumption. Mexico has 653 aquifers. 39.1% of the total volume of these is concessioned for agricultural irrigation uses. According to studies carried out by the National Water Commission, as of 2018, of the 653 units, 105 aquifers are reported in a state of overexploitation. The objective of this research was to implement the guide for the identification of areas with potential for water recharge, developed by the Tropical Agronomic Center for Research and Teaching of Costa Rica, which proposes the delimitation of potential recharge areas through geospatial information considering the topics of edaphology, geology, land use and vegetation, as well as relief and slopes. The results obtained show that in the Toluca Valley aquifer there are five categories of possibility of water recharge, although the moderate possibility prevails (59.4%), followed by a low possibility of recharge occurrence (21.0%), very low possibility (16.7%), high possibility (1.6%) and very high possibility (1.2%).

Seed analysis of Dichromanthus aurantiacus, terrestrial orchid from Toluca valley, México

Objective: The objective of this work was to analyze the viability and germination of Dichromanthus aurantiacus seeds, a terrestrial orchid from Toluca valley, México. Design/methodology/approach: The size and color were evaluated. Two methods determined the viability: 1) the tetrazolium test (imbibition for 24 hours in the water, 2 hours in calcium hypochlorite (CaCOCl2), and drops of Tween-80). 2) the asymbiotic seed germination by in vitro culture (imbibition for 24 hours in the water, and the concentration of MS medium plus natural extracts). Results: The seeds of this specie showed approximately 0.2 mm long and 0.05 mm wide; they possess an embryo and a brownish testa. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the treatments finding a positive effect with the tetrazolium test, achieving up to 91.4% viability. In the in vitro germination, the imbibition of the seeds favored contamination. The concentration of MS and the addition of natural extract presented significant differences (P<0.05), the 50% MS plus 10% of coconut water showed up to 92.8% of germination at 60 days. Study limitations/implications: The results are preliminary of a long-term experiment. Findings / Conclusions: The seeds of Dichromanthus aurantiacus showed brown testa and an oval embryo with dimensions of 0.2 mm long and 0.05 mm wide. The tetrazolium test’s viability showed 91.4% viability when they were soaked in sodium hypochlorite solution (CaCOCl2) for two hours, 24 hours soaking in tetrazolium solution (1%) plus two drops of Tween-80. The asymbiotic in vitro culture showed up to 92.8% germination in 60 days using MS medium at 50% enriched with 10% coconut water

Patterns of resistance to antibiotics of Enterococcus faecalis in clinical isolates of diabetic foot and presence of culture resistant to linezolid

IntroductionHigh levels of hyperglycemia lead to diabetes, the same levels that if not controlled increase the risk of diabetic neuropathy, which over time translates into loss of sensation and lesions that progress and lead to diabetic foot may occur, microorganisms Mainly Gram positive cocci and Gram negative bacilli, as well as yeasts are those that are mainly found in this metabolic and infectious pathology.MethodsDiabetic foot wounds were studied in patients aged 45-54 years, with a mean age of 50 years, who had different periods of time with a hyperglycemia problem and different complications associated with diabetic foot, and were not considered as exclusion criteria. With a total of 41 cultures, 25 belong to male patients and 16 to female patients. All of these in the Toluca Valley, Mexico. The primary swab was reseeded in chromogenic agar, BHI, Salt and mannitol, calf blood, EMB and MacConkey, after 6 hours after taking the sample. In addition to microbial reseeding, a Gram stain was performed on each of the samples. The Petri dishes were placed in an incubation oven for 18 hours at 35 ° C with ± 2 ° C. Bacterial identification was performed on automated equipment from Beckman Coulter, as well as antibiotic sensitivity tests.Results35 positive cultures were obtained, of which they had a single microbial agent and some cases with two agents, which could be bacteria-bacteria or bacteria-yeast. With 14 positive strains for Enterococcus faecalis, with 100% sensitivity for cell wall inhibitors, and high resistance to tetracycline with 85.71% and 92.86% resistance to the macrolide erythromycin. In addition, there is a strain that was resistant to linezolid, and variable resistance patterns in fluoroquinolones and other antibiotics.

Resistance to different antibiotics in clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis obtained from urine cultures of patients with urinary tract infection

ObjectiveTo identify patterns of resistance against various antibiotics in Enterococcus faecalis in urinary tract infections in a population of the Toluca valley, MexicoMethods155 samples were collected from patients with suspected urinary tract infection without exclusion criteria such as age or gender. Automated equipment was used for the identification of the etiological agent and sensitivity tests.Results80 positive cultures were obtained, of which 20 strains belong to Enterococcus faecalis, which show 100% sensitivity for penicillins, linezolid, vancomycin, bacitracin, a high pattern of sensitivity for quinolones, and a high pattern of resistance to rifampicin, erythromycin and 100% resistance in tetracyclineConclusionIt shows 100% sensitivity to penicillins, vancomycin and linezolid, first-line treatments and for cases of infection complicated by Enterococci. And 100% resistance for tetracycline and high resistance patterns for erythromycin and rifampin.