Desiccation Tolerance and Cryopreservation of Embryonic Axes of Recalcitrant Species

1997 ◽  
pp. 771-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dumet ◽  
P. Berjak
Keyword(s):  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Recalcitrant Species

scholarly journals Peptide-Bound Methionine Sulfoxide (MetO) Levels and MsrB2 Abundance Are Differentially Regulated during the Desiccation Phase in Contrasted Acer Seeds

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Wojciechowska ◽  
Shirin Alipour ◽  
Ewelina Stolarska ◽  
Karolina Bilska ◽  
Pascal Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Seed Desiccation ◽  
Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Orthodox Seeds ◽  
Oxidation Of Methionine ◽  
Reduced Forms

Norway maple and sycamore produce desiccation-tolerant (orthodox) and desiccation-sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds, respectively. Drying affects reduction and oxidation (redox) status in seeds. Oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide (MetO) and reduction via methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) have never been investigated in relation to seed desiccation tolerance. MetO levels and the abundance of Msrs were investigated in relation to levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical (•OH), and the levels of ascorbate and glutathione redox couples in gradually dried seeds. Peptide-bound MetO levels were positively correlated with ROS concentrations in the orthodox seeds. In particular, •OH affected MetO levels as well as the abundance of MsrB2 solely in the embryonic axes of Norway maple seeds. In this species, MsrB2 was present in oxidized and reduced forms, and the latter was favored by reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid. In contrast, sycamore seeds accumulated higher ROS levels. Additionally, MsrB2 was oxidized in sycamore throughout dehydration. In this context, the three elements •OH level, MetO content and MsrB2 abundance, linked together uniquely to Norway maple seeds, might be considered important players of the redox network associated with desiccation tolerance.

A review of recalcitrant seed physiology in relation to desiccation-tolerance mechanisms

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Pammenter ◽  
Patricia Berjak
Keyword(s):  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Recalcitrant Seed ◽  
Orthodox Seeds ◽  
Water Contents

AbstractA suite of mechanisms or processes that together have been implicated in the acquisition and maintenance of desiccation tolerance in orthodox seeds is discussed in the context of the behaviour of desiccation-sensitive seeds, and where appropriate, parallels are drawn with the situation in vegetative plant tissues that tolerate dehydration. Factors included are: physical characteristics of cells and intracellular constituents; insoluble reserve accumulation; intracellular de-differentiation; metabolic ‘switching off’; presence, and efficient operation, of antioxidant systems; accumulation of putatively protective substances including LEAs, sucrose and other oligosaccharides, as well as amphipathic molecules; the presence and role of oleosins; and the presence and operation of repair systems during rehydration. The variable response to dehydration shown by desiccation-sensitive seeds is considered in terms of the absence or incomplete expression of this suite of mechanisms or processes.Three categories of damage are envisaged: (i) reduction in cell volume which can lead to mechanical damage; (ii) aqueous-based degradative processes, probably consequent upon deranged metabolism at intermediate water contents. This is termed ‘metabolism-induced damage’ and its extent will depend upon the metabolic rate and the rate of dehydration; and (iii) the removal of water intimately associated with macromolecular surfaces leading to denaturation: this is referred to as desiccation damagesensu stricto. The effects of drying rate and the maturity status of seeds are considered in relation to the responses to dehydration, leading to the conclusion that the concept of critical water contents on a species basis is inappropriate. Viewing seed postharvest physiology in terms of a continuum of behaviour is considered to be more realistic than attempting precise categorization.Rapid dehydration of excised embryonic axes (or other explants) from desiccation-sensitive seeds permits retention of viability (in the short term) to water contents approaching the level of non-freezable water. This opens up the possibility of long-term conservation, by cryopreservation techniques, of the genetic resources of species producing non-orthodox seeds.

NAD(P)-Driven Redox Status Contributes to Desiccation Tolerance in Acer seeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1158-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirin Alipour ◽  
Natalia Wojciechowska ◽  
Ewelina Stolarska ◽  
Karolina Bilska ◽  
Ewa Marzena Kalemba
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Redox Signaling ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Norway Maple

Abstract Desiccation tolerance is a developmental program enabling seed survival in a dry state and is common in seeds categorized as orthodox. We focused on NAD and its phosphorylated form (NADP) because their continual switching between reduced (NAD(P)H) and oxidized (NAD(P)+) forms is involved in the modulation of redox signaling and the determination of the reducing power and further antioxidant responses. Norway maple and sycamore seeds representing the orthodox and recalcitrant categories, respectively, were used as models in a comparison of responses to water loss. The process of desiccation up to 10% water content (WC) was monitored in Norway maple seeds, while dehydration up to 30% WC was monitored in desiccation-sensitive sycamore seeds. Norway maple and sycamore seeds, particularly their embryonic axes, exhibited a distinct redox status during dehydration and desiccation. High NADPH levels, NAD+ accumulation, low and stable NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios expressed as reducing power and high NADPH-dependent enzyme activity were reported in Norway maple seeds and were considered attributes of orthodox-type seeds. The contrasting results of sycamore seeds contributed to their low antioxidant capacity and high sensitivity to desiccation. NADPH deficiency, low NADPH-dependent enzyme activity and lack of NAD+ accumulation were primary features of sycamore seeds, with implications for their NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios and reducing power and with effects on many seed traits. Thus, we propose that the distinct levels of pyridine nucleotides and their redox status contribute to orthodox and recalcitrant phenotype differentiation in seeds by affecting cellular redox signaling, metabolism and the antioxidant system.

Indeterminate development in desiccation-sensitive seeds of Quercus robur L.

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Finch-Savage ◽  
P. S. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Terminal Phase ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Orthodox Seeds

AbstractFruit and seed development in Quercus robur L. were studied on a single tree over five consecutive seasons. Patterns of growth in the cotyledons and embryonic axes differed between years and resulted in seeds of very different sizes. Moisture content at shedding also differed between years, and late-shed seeds had lower moisture contents than early-shed seeds. Moisture content at shedding was negatively correlated with desiccation tolerance. Seed development in Q. robur therefore appeared indeterminate and did not end in a period of rapid desiccation.Sensitivity to desiccation in Q. robur was not due to an inability to accumulate dehydrin proteins, ABA or soluble sugars, substances that have been linked with the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in orthodox seeds. There were great similarities between several aspects of Q. robur seed development and that of orthodox seeds before the latter entered the terminal phase of rapid desiccation. This pattern of seed development contrasted with that reported for the highly desiccation-sensitive seeds of Avicennia marina.

Putative desiccation tolerance mechanisms in orthodox and recalcitrant seeds of the genusAcer

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Greggains ◽  
William E. Finch-Savage ◽  
W. Paul Quick ◽  
Neil M. Atherton
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Recalcitrant Seeds ◽  
Viability Loss ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Recalcitrant Species

AbstractRecalcitrant seeds are shed moist from the plant and do not survive desiccation to the low moisture contents required for prolonged storage. It has been widely hypothesised that during desiccation of these seeds a stress induced metabolic imbalance develops that leads to free radical mediated damage and viability loss. We investigated this hypothesis in a comparison of two sympatric species ofAcerduring late seed development and post-harvest desiccation:A. platanoides(Norway maple) has orthodox seeds andA. pseudoplatanus(sycamore) has recalcitrant seeds. In both species, respiration rates declined to similar levels at shedding, and the extent of defences against free radicals appears no less in sycamore than that in Norway maple. During drying there was no evidence for the accumulation of a stable free radical, increased lipid peroxidation or decline in free radical scavenging enzymes in either species. In addition, there was a very similar, large increase in total tocopherol in both species. This increase in sycamore was largely of alpha-tocopherol, whereas in Norway maple the increase was largely from its precursor, gamma-tocopherol. Arguably this suggests a similar mechanism in both species, but increased oxidative stress in sycamore. In general, the results suggest that, although damage resulting in viability loss was clearly taking place, the limitation to desiccation tolerance did not result from inadequate free radical scavenging. Soluble carbohydrates and dehydrin-like proteins were also measured during late seed development and drying in sycamore and Norway maple. The greater concentrations of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose and amounts of dehydrins in the radicles and cotyledons of Norway maple compared with those in sycamore was consistent with greater desiccation tolerance in the former. Sycamore seeds are dormant and at the tolerant end of the continuum of desiccation sensitivity among recalcitrant species, and this may account for their different response to that of the seeds of other more sensitive recalcitrant species studied.

A comparison of desiccation-related proteins (dehydrin and QP47) in peas (Pisum sativum)

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen H. Baker ◽  
Kent J. Bradford ◽  
John A. Bryant ◽  
Thomas L. Rost
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Radicle Growth ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Cotyledon Cells ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

AbstractDehydrin and QP47, proteins present in mature pea seeds (Pisum sativum), have been proposed to play protective roles during desiccation. To identify possible relationships between these proteins and desiccation tolerance, their tissue locations and patterns of synthesis and degradation have been examined during germination. Tissue locations were determined by immunocytochemistry using polyclonal antibodies raised against a conserved dehydrin amino acid sequence and against purified QP47. In embryonic axis and cotyledon cells, QP47 and dehydrin were distributed uniformly with no apparent nuclear or organellar specificity. Both proteins were present in 24 h-imbibed axes that had not initiated radicle growth but were completely absent from 24 h-imbibed axes that had begun to grow. The amounts of QP47 and dehydrin in embryonic axes decreased with time after the start of imbibition and were undetectable by 48 h. When germination was prevented by polyethylene glycol (PEG) or abscisic acid (ABA), both proteins remained at their original amounts. Thus, both QP47 and dehydrin disappeared coincidently with the beginning of growth and not simply as a function of the time after imbibition. QP47 persisted in cotyledons until at least 31 days into seedling growth, whereas dehydrin was not detectable in cotyledons after 7 days. Dehydrin, but not QP47, could be re-induced in pea shoots and cotyledons by dehydration. The timing of degradation of both proteins was correlated with the loss of desiccation tolerance during germination of pea axes.

Non-structural carbohydrates of immature seeds of Caesalpinia echinata (Leguminosae) are involved in the induction of desiccation tolerance

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Nadur Motta Leduc ◽  
João Paulo Naldi Silva ◽  
Maríia Gaspar ◽  
Claudio José Barbedo ◽  
Rita de Cássia Leone Figueiredo-Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Peg Treatment ◽  
Caesalpinia Echinata

Seeds of Caesalpinia echinata fill up to physiological maturation phase ~60 days after anthesis (DAA) in the field. These seeds are desiccation tolerant to 0.08 gH2O gDW–1 and can be stored for 2 years under freezing temperatures without losing germinability. Starch (40–50%), soluble carbohydrates (10–15%, mainly sucrose and cyclitols), in addition to traces of raffinose and stachyose detected early at maturation, are supposed to be related to the acquisition of desiccation tolerance. In the present work we demonstrate that desiccation-intolerant immature seeds (45 DAA) of C. echinata can be dried until 0.14 gH2O gDW–1 when previously soaked in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution, maintaining high germination percentage. In contrast, seeds of 55 DAA tolerated drying until 0.14 gH2O gDW–1 without previous PEG treatment, indicating that they have already reached desiccation tolerance at this developmental stage. High-performance anion exchange chromatography analysis revealed that cyclitols and sucrose increased markedly in the embryonic axes at 45 DAA after PEG treatment, reaching levels found in embryos at 55 DAA. These results suggest that PEG treatment mimics the natural maturation drying of C. echinata seeds, changing carbohydrate metabolism and triggering processes involved in desiccation tolerance.

Desiccation tolerance in two species with recalcitrant seeds: Clausena lansium (Lour.) and Litchi chinensis (Sonn.)

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Fu ◽  
J. P. Jin ◽  
Y. F. Peng ◽  
Q. H. Xia
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Recalcitrant Seeds ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Litchi Chinensis ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Desiccation Sensitivity ◽  
Days After Anthesis

AbstractSeeds were collected at weekly intervals from mid-maturation to the fully ripened stage. As seed development progressed, desiccation tolerance increased. Desiccation tolerance of C. lansium seeds was greatest at 67 days after anthesis (DAA), when they tolerated air drying for 9 days; 74 DAA was considered as physiological maturity, and their full viability was only maintained for up to 3 days of drying; overripened seeds (88 DAA) had the lowest desiccation tolerance. In L. chinensis, the desiccation sensitivity of seeds at 98 DAA (fully mature) was higher than that at 84 and 91 DAA (less mature); among the excised embryonic axes at different developmental stages, the less mature ones were less sensitive to desiccation than the fully mature ones; excised embryonic axes of the same stage were more tolerant of desiccation than whole seeds.

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