Analysis of Phaseolus-Rhizobium interactions in a subsistence farming system

1998 ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
W. S. de Oliveira ◽  
L. W. Meinhardt ◽  
A. Sessitsch ◽  
S. M. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Farming System ◽  
Subsistence Farming

scholarly journals Feeding Strategy For Improving Dairy Cattle Productivity In Small Holder Farm In Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Khan ◽  
KJ Peters ◽  
MM Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Feeding Management ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Dairy Animal

Dairy animal rearing is an inseparable and integrated part of smallholder subsistence farming system. Dairy cattle production in the country is characterized by low productivity levels due mainly to genetic and nutritional constraints. Unless feeding management is improved these animals may be limited to fully express their potential genetic superiority. It is fundamental approach to provide good quality diets to dairy cattle in sufficient amount to maximize production. Dairying provides women with a regular daily income vital to household good security and family well being. Quantitative and qualitative shortage of feeds and fodder affects the performance of milking animal. Local cows yield on average 1.5 Lit. milk per day against 5-8 Lit. in cross bred cows, require better feeding mainly concentrates, which is not available to the farmers at the affordable prices. But income of farmers can be increased up to two fold (Tk.58 vs 115) by rearing cross bred cows. Since feed cost is becoming the most important factor in livestock production, increasing self sufficiency in feed production will be an important factor in future development programs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v38i1-2.9914 BJAS 2009; 38(1-2): 67-85

scholarly journals Family, marriage and divorce in a Hausa community: a sociological model

Africa ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi M. Solivetti
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Western World ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Marriage And Divorce ◽  
The World ◽  
Household System

The aim of this article is to show how a ‘traditional’ society may produce a household system in which the structural tensions are no less intense than in the Western world. Muslim Hausa society (in northern Nigeria) has one of the highest rates of divorce (and remarriage) in the world. An explanation is sought here in terms of the economic and organisational requirements of a subsistence farming system that is always potentially short of labour. Divorce is a solution to otherwise unacceptable pressures, particularly on young women, in a society that requires them to be subordinate and marginal within the extended family. The data presented here were collected between 1979 and 1989 in the Niger valley of Sokoto State in northern Nigeria.

scholarly journals Understanding the Dynamic of Rice Farming Systems in Southern Mozambique to Improve Production and Benefits to Smallholders

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1018
Author(s):  
Fátima Ismael ◽  
Aires A. Mbanze ◽  
Alexis Ndayiragije ◽  
David Fangueiro
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Crop Types ◽  
Mixed Crops

Rice farming systems (RFSs) in southern Mozambique are very heterogeneous and diversified, which has implications for smallholders’ adoption of each RFS, as well as on rice production and productivity in the region. In this regard, it is important to understand: (i) which RFS typologies can be leveraged to improve rice production and productivity; (ii) the drivers for smallholder farmers’ decisions to adopt an RFS; and (iii) which policies/incentives could enhance existing RFSs. The present study was based on surveys of 341 smallholder rice farmers in the Chókwè Irrigation Scheme (CIS), southern Mozambique. Data on the productivity of rice, size of the herd, and total other crop types were used to frame the RFS typologies. A multinomial logit model (MLM) and multiple linear regression (MLR) were applied to determine the driver for each RFS, and predict the constraints for production and yield. Based on cluster analysis, four typologies of RFSs were identified: the subsistence farming system (FS), specialised rice FS, mixed crops FS, and rice–livestock FS. Farms with longer experience reported applying more fertiliser and seedlings per unit hectare. The availability of labour increased the likelihood of adopting the mixed crops FS and rice–livestock FS. Older households were more likely to adopt the subsistence FS, and live closer to the farming fields. Yield of rice was positively associated with inputs such as fertilisers, pesticides, and seedlings, as well as years of experience of the household. Our results suggest that smallholder farmers need more assistance and technical support to identify and adopt more productive and less costly RFSs in this region.

Comparison of available and required metabolisable energy (ME) resources for livestock during winter in an agro-pastoral system of the Hindu Kush – Himalayan region of Pakistan

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 60-60
Author(s):  
R. Abdur ◽  
A.J. Duncan ◽  
I.J. Gordon ◽  
I. A. Wright ◽  
D.W. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arable Land ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Pastoral System ◽  
Hindu Kush ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Pastoral Farming

The semi-arid Hindu-Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan region of Pakistan covers 72,000 sq km with a rainfall of 100-400 mm per year5. Limited arable land and water scarcity have made subsistence farming the dominant agro-pastoral farming system. Each household keeps a range of ruminant livestock species such as goats, cattle, sheep, donkeys and yaks their proportion in the herd are 0.53, 0.23, 0.19, 0.03 and 0.02 respectively. In winter, livestock are confined and stall-fed on stored roughages or grazed on marginal lands and fallow agricultural fields close to the villages. The aim of this study was to quantify nutritional inputs in terms of metabolisable energy resources, and to compare these with ME requirements of the animals for maintenance over winter.

Livestock Movement in Gaurisankhar Valley, Dolakha, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Payaswini Ghimire ◽  
Prem Sagar Chapagain
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
International Demand ◽  
Mountain Pasture ◽  
The Village

Animals are an integral part of subsistence farming system. They are considered as assets and are the source of food and manure. In mountains of Nepal, transhumance ruminant production system is practiced this practice of herding of cattle like Yak (Nak, Chauri)/ sheep has been practiced for generation in the mountains of Nepal. This study is based on household questionnaire survey, FGD and interview in Gaurishankar gaupalika shows the movement of sheep ranged from 1,200m to 4,500m elevation and the movement of Yak ranged from 2,000m to 3,500masl. The agricultural fields around the settlements are cultivated when the herds remained in high mountain pasture. After returning to the village, they are tied to the field and their waste is used for manuring the agricultural lands. The types and size of livestock has also undergone a significant change. The number of sheep and buffalo have decreased due to lack of market while the Yak farming has been gaining popularity because of increase in national and international demand for Yak products.

PROFITABILITY OF BARLEY AND PEAS MIXED INTERCROPPING IN THE SUBSISTENCE FARMING SYSTEMS OF THE NEPALESE HILLS

1998 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. SUBEDI
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Traditional Practice ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio

Experiments were conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at the Lumle Agricultural Research Centre and its off-station research site at Lopre in Nepal to study the agronomic performance and profitability of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and peas (Pisum sativum) mixed intercropping (that is, without any row arrangement) in the subsistence farming systems of the Nepalese hills. Sole crops of barley (cv. Bonus and Local) at 100kg seed ha−1 were compared with a pure stand of peas (cv. Tikot Local) sown at 60kg seed ha−1 and with peas intercropped with both varieties of barley at 100:40 or 100:20 kg seed ha−1. Results across two locations for two seasons showed that the barley+peas intercropping was advantageous in terms of overall grain yield, land equivalent ratio (LER), monetary advantage, economic return and dietary provision in the subsistence farming system. It also provided yield stability under adverse climatic conditions. Barley genotypes differed in their suitability for intercropping with peas. The yield of Local barley was reduced when peas were intercropped with it at both seed rates but this was not so with Bonus. The most appropriate combinations to realize the maximum advantage from intercropping were Bonus barley+peas at 100:20 kg seed ha−1 and Local barley+peas at 100:40 kg seeds ha−1. A combination of Bonus barley and peas at 100:20 kg seed ha−1 enabled farmers to harvest an additional 400 kg grains ha−1 from peas without significantly reducing the grain yield of barley. The study also verified through formal experimentation that the traditional practice of mixing barley and peas is advantageous.

Wheat intercropped with tori (Brassica campestris var. toria) and pea (Pisum sativum) in the subsistence farming system of the Nepalese hills

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. SUBEDI
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
First Year ◽  
Subsistence Farming ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Negative Effect

A field experiment was carried out at Lumle Agricultural Research Centre (LARC) farm, Nepal, during the winter seasons of 1992/93 and 1993/94 in order to study the profitability of intercropping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with tori (Brassica campestris var. toria) and pea (Pisum sativum L.). A sole crop of wheat planted at 120 kg seed ha−1 was compared with sole crops of tori and of pea planted at 8 kg ha−1 and 60 kg seed ha−1, respectively, wheat+tori mixed-intercropped at 120[ratio ]6, 120[ratio ]4 and 120[ratio ]2 kg seed ha−1and wheat+pea at 120[ratio ]45, 120[ratio ]30 and 120[ratio ]15 kg seed ha−1.Results over the two seasons showed that the intercropping of wheat+pea was profitable in terms of overall grain yield, land advantage, monetary advantage, economic return and meeting the dietary requirements of the subsistence farmers, although the sole crop of pea gave the highest net return. Mixing pea with wheat did not reduce wheat yields in either year except when pea was sown at 45 kg seed ha−1, which reduced wheat yield significantly in the first season. For wheat+pea intercropping, sowing pea at 30–45 kg ha−1 was the most profitable. The wheat+tori intercrop did not perform as well and was not as profitable as either sole crop. Intercropping of tori had a negative effect on wheat yield at all seed rates in the first year.

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