scholarly journals Trichoderma spp.: Efficient Inducers of Systemic Resistance in Plants

2016 ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartikay Bisen ◽  
Chetan Keswani ◽  
J. S. Patel ◽  
B. K. Sarma ◽  
H. B. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Trichoderma Spp

scholarly journals Sm1, a Proteinaceous Elicitor Secreted by the Biocontrol Fungus Trichoderma virens Induces Plant Defense Responses and Systemic Resistance

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 838-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavica Djonović ◽  
Maria J. Pozo ◽  
Lawrence J. Dangott ◽  
Charles R. Howell ◽  
Charles M. Kenerley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Trichoderma Virens ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Small Protein

The soilborne filamentous fungus Trichoderma virens is a biocontrol agent with a well-known ability to produce antibiotics, parasitize pathogenic fungi, and induce systemic resistance in plants. Even though a plant-mediated response has been confirmed as a component of bioprotection by Trichoderma spp., the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Here, we report the identification, purification, and characterization of an elicitor secreted by T. virens, a small protein designated Sm1 (small protein 1). Sm1 lacks toxic activity against plants and microbes. Instead, native, purified Sm1 triggers production of reactive oxygen species in monocot and dicot seedlings, rice, and cotton, and induces the expression of defense-related genes both locally and systemically in cotton. Gene expression analysis revealed that SM1 is expressed throughout fungal development under different nutrient conditions and in the presence of a host plant. Using an axenic hydroponic system, we show that SM1 expression and secretion of the protein is significantly higher in the presence of the plant. Pretreatment of cotton cotyledons with Sm1 provided high levels of protection to the foliar pathogen Colletotrichum sp. These results indicate that Sm1 is involved in the induction of resistance by Trichoderma spp. through the activation of plant defense mechanisms.

scholarly journals Elicitation of Novel Trichogenic-Lipid Nanoemulsion Signaling Resistance Against Pearl Millet Downy Mildew Disease

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boregowda Nandini ◽  
Hariprasad Puttaswamy ◽  
Harischandra Sripathy Prakash ◽  
Shivakanthkumar Adhikari ◽  
Sudisha Jogaiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Lipid Nanoemulsion

Nanoemulsion was formulated from membrane lipids of Trichoderma spp. with the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 by the ultrasonic emulsification method. Nanoemulsion with a droplet diameter of 5 to 51 nm was obtained. The possible effects of membrane lipid nanoemulsion on pearl millet (PM) seed growth parameters and elicitation of downy mildew (DM) disease resistance in PM was analyzed to develop an eco-friendly disease management strategy. Seed priming with nanoemulsion illustrates significant protection and elevated levels of early defense gene expression. Lipid profiling of Trichoderma spp. reveals the presence of oleic acid as a major fatty acid molecule. The prominent molecule in the purified lipid fraction of T. brevicompactum (UP-91) responsible for the elicitation of induction of systemic resistance in PM host against DM pathogen was predicted as (E)-N-(1, 3-dihydroxyoctadec-4-en-2yl) acetamide. The results suggest that protection offered by the novel nanoemulsion formulation is systemic in nature and durable and offers a newer sustainable approach to manage biotrophic oomycetous pathogen.

scholarly journals Total crude protein extract of Trichoderma spp. induces systemic resistance in pearl millet against the downy mildew pathogen

3 Biotech ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boregowda Nandini ◽  
Puttaswamy Hariprasad ◽  
Harohalli Nanjegowda Shankara ◽  
Harischandra Sripathy Prakash ◽  
Nagaraja Geetha
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Protein Extract ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Crude Protein Extract ◽  
Total Crude Protein

scholarly journals Involvement of Jasmonic Acid/Ethylene Signaling Pathway in the Systemic Resistance Induced in Cucumber by Trichoderma asperellum T203

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Shoresh ◽  
Iris Yedidia ◽  
Ilan Chet
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Ethylene Signaling ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Leaf Pathogen

Trichoderma spp. are effective biocontrol agents for a number of soilborne plant pathogens, and some are also known for their ability to enhance plant growth. It was recently suggested that Trichoderma also affects induced systemic resistance (ISR) mechanism in plants. Analysis of signal molecules involved in defense mechanisms and application of specific inhibitors indicated the involvement of jasmonic acid and ethylene in the protective effect conferred by Trichoderma spp. against the leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. Moreover, examination of local and systemic gene expression by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that T. asperellum (T203) modulates the expression of genes involved in the jasmonate/ethylene signaling pathways of ISR (Lox1, Pal1, ETR1, and CTR1) in cucumber plants. We further showed that a subsequent challenge of Trichoderma-preinoculated plants with the leaf pathogen P. syringae pv. lachrymans resulted in higher systemic expression of the pathogenesisrelated genes encoding for chitinase 1, β-1,3-glucanase, and peroxidase relative to noninoculated, challenged plants. This indicates that Trichoderma induced a potentiated state in the plant enabling it to be more resistant to subsequent pathogen infection.

scholarly journals Trichoderma Isolates Inhibit Fusarium virguliforme Growth, Reduce Root Rot, and Induce Defense-Related Genes on Soybean Seedlings

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 1949-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirian F. Pimentel ◽  
Erika Arnão ◽  
Amanda J. Warner ◽  
Arjun Subedi ◽  
Leonardo F. Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Fusarium Virguliforme ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Trichoderma Isolates

Sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by Fusarium virguliforme is among the most important diseases affecting soybean in the United States. The use of biological control agents (BCAs) such as Trichoderma spp. can be a valuable resource to suppress F. virguliforme populations. Therefore, this research focused on screening possible BCAs against F. virguliforme and evaluating mycoparasitism and the induction of systemic resistance as mechanisms underlying the antagonistic activity of selected BCAs against F. virguliforme. In total, 47 potential BCAs, including 41 Trichoderma isolates and 6 Mortierella isolates, were screened in a dual-plate assay. The most effective isolates belonged to the Trichoderma harzianum species and were able to inhibit F. virguliforme radial growth by up to 92%. Selected Trichoderma isolates were tested in the greenhouse and in a microplot study. They reduced root rot caused by F. virguliforme when the plants were coinoculated with the pathogen and the BCA. The tested BCA’s ability to reduce F. virguliforme growth may be related to several mechanisms of action, including mycoparasitism and induction of defense-related genes in plants, as revealed by monitoring the expression of defense-related genes in soybean. Our results highlight the potential of native Trichoderma isolates to inhibit F. virguliforme growth and reduce SDS severity, providing the basis for future implementation of biological control in soybean production. More efforts are needed to implement the use of these approaches in production fields, and to deepen the current knowledge on the biology of these highly antagonistic isolates.

scholarly journals A class I hydrophobin in Trichoderma virens influences plant-microbe interactions through enhancement of enzyme activity and MAMP recognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T Taylor ◽  
Inna V Krieger ◽  
Frankie K Crutcher ◽  
Pierce Jamieson ◽  
Benjamin A Horwitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Class I ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Trichoderma Virens ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Plant Symbiont ◽  
Molecular Pattern

The filamentous fungus, Trichoderma virens, is a well-known mycoparasitic plant symbiont, valued for its biocontrol capabilities. T. virens initiates a symbiotic relationship with a plant host through the colonization of its roots. To achieve colonization, the fungus must communicate with the host and evade its innate defenses. Hydrophobins from Trichoderma spp. have previously been demonstrated to be involved in colonization of host roots. In this study, the class I hydro-phobin, HFB9A from T. virens was characterized for a potential role in root colonization. Δhfb9a gene deletion mutants colonized less than the wild-type strain, were unable to induce systemic resistance against Colletotrichum graminicola, and showed a reduction in the activity of its cell wall degrading enzymes. The purified HFB9A protein was able to complement the enzyme activity of mutant culture filtrates as well as enhance the activity of commercially sourced cellulase. When exogenously applied to Arabidopsis plants, HFB9A protein induced phosphorylation of AtMAPK3/6, suggesting that it functions as a microbe-associated molecular pattern.

scholarly journals The Constitutive Endopolygalacturonase TvPG2 Regulates the Induction of Plant Systemic Resistance by Trichoderma virens

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Sarrocco ◽  
Fabiola Matarese ◽  
Riccardo Baroncelli ◽  
Giovanni Vannacci ◽  
Verena Seidl-Seiboth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Opportunistic Fungi ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Tomato Roots

Trichoderma spp. are opportunistic fungi some of which are commonly present in the rhizosphere. Several species, such as T. virens, are also efficient biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi and exert beneficial effects on plants. These effects are the consequence of interactions between Trichoderma and plant roots, which trigger enhanced plant growth and induce plant resistance. We have previously shown that T. virens I10 expresses two endopolygalacturonase genes, tvpg1 and tvpg2, during the interaction with plant roots; tvpg1 is inducible while tvpg2 is constitutively transcribed. Using the same system, the tomato polygalacturonase-inhibitor gene Lepgip1 was induced at the same time as tvpg1. Here we show by gene disruption that TvPG2 performs a regulatory role on the inducible tvpg1 gene and in triggering the plant immune response. A tvpg2-knockout strain fails to transcribe the inducible tvpg1 gene in neither in vitro in inducing media containing pectin or plant cell walls, nor during the in vivo interaction with tomato roots. Likewise, the in vivo induction of Lepgip1 does not occur, and its defense against the pathogen Botrytis cinerea is significantly reduced. Our data prove the importance of a T. virens constitutively produced endopolygalacturonase in eliciting plant induced systemic resistance against pathogenic fungi.

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