Structure by Design: Reasoning About Covariation with TinkerPlots

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Noleine Fitzallen
Keyword(s):  
Design Reasoning

scholarly journals Explicating concepts in reasoning from function to form by two-step innovative abductions

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehud Kroll ◽  
Lauri Koskela
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Functional Aspect ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Design Reasoning

AbstractThe mechanism of design reasoning from function to form is suggested to consist of a two-step inference of the innovative abduction type. First is an inference from a desired functional aspect to an idea, concept, or solution principle to satisfy the function. This is followed by a second innovative abduction, from the latest concept to form, structure, or mechanism. The intermediate entity in the logical reasoning, the concept, is thus made explicit, which is significant in following and understanding a specific design process, for educating designers, and to build a logic-based computational model of design. The idea of a two-step abductive reasoning process is developed from the critical examination of several propositions made by others. We use the notion of innovative abduction in design, as opposed to such abduction where the question is about selecting among known alternatives, and we adopt a previously proposed two-step process of abductive reasoning. However, our model is different in that the two abductions used follow the syllogistic pattern of innovative abduction. In addition to using a schematic example from the literature to demonstrate our derivation, we apply the model to an existing, empirically derived method of conceptual design called “parameter analysis” and use two examples of real design processes. The two synthetic steps of the method are shown to follow the proposed double innovative abduction scheme, and the design processes are presented as sequences of double abductions from function to concept and from concept to form, with a subsequent deductive evaluation step.

scholarly journals Demonstration, extension, and refinement of the re-proposed notion of design abduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-297
Author(s):  
Lauri Koskela ◽  
Ehud Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Design Reasoning ◽  
Retrospective Case Study ◽  
New Hypothesis

AbstractThe original ideas on design abduction, inspired by treatments in philosophy of science, had a narrow conception on how novelty emerges in design, when looked at in terms of logic. The authors have previously presented a re-proposed notion of abduction in design, taking the differences between science and design into account. Now, in this article, the invention of the airplane by the Wright brothers is analyzed as a retrospective case study. Key parts of the re-proposed notion of design abduction are demonstrated, and two new types of design abduction are identified, namely strategic abduction and dynamic abduction. Perhaps even more importantly, a new hypothesis on the cognitive basis of design abduction is reached. While the importance of model-based abduction (and reasoning) is confirmed, the case also pinpoints the central role of verbalization and discussion in supporting design reasoning in general and especially abduction. All in all, it seems that an improved understanding of design abduction and its cognitive basis would be instrumental in promoting more effective and efficient designing.

scholarly journals A framework for studying design thinking through measuring designers’ minds, bodies and brains

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Gero ◽  
Julie Milovanovic
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Design Cognition ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Design Reasoning

This paper presents a framework for studying design thinking. Three paradigmatic approaches are described to measure design cognitive processes: design cognition, design physiology and design neurocognition. Specific tools and methods serve each paradigmatic approach. Design cognition is explored through protocol analysis, black-box experiments, surveys and interviews. Design physiology is measured with eye tracking, electrodermal activity, heart rate and emotion tracking. Design neurocognition is measured using electroencephalography, functional near infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Illustrative examples are presented to describe the types of results each method provides about the characteristics of design thinking, such as design patterns, design reasoning, design creativity, design collaboration, the co-evolution of the problem solution space, or design analysis and evaluation. The triangulation of results from the three paradigmatic approaches to studying design thinking provides a synergistic foundation for the understanding of design cognitive processes. Results from such studies generate a source of feedback to designers, design educators and researchers in design science. New models, new tools and new research questions emerge from the integrated approach proposed and lay down future challenges in studying design thinking.

Six Sigma with C-K theory for innovations in operational excellence: a case study

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2105-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sony ◽  
Subhash Naik
Keyword(s):  
Six Sigma ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
K Theory ◽  
Design Reasoning ◽  
Operational Excellence ◽  
Creativity And Innovation

Purpose Six Sigma is a well-established powerful business strategy for achieving operational excellence (OPEX). However, previous studies have suggested that the Six Sigma may negatively impact organizational creativity and innovation. The C-K theory is one of the most widely used technique for design reasoning which promotes the creativity and innovation. The purpose of this paper is to integrate the Six Sigma methodology and C-K theory for enhancing innovative capacity of Six Sigma for achieving OPEX. Design/methodology/approach The paper proposes an integration methodology of C-K theory and Six Sigma using the extant literature. Also, a case study is conducted based on the proposed integration model. Findings The paper suggests a step-by-step integration methodology for integrating Six Sigma with C-K theory for both (DMAIC and DMADV). The methodology when applied to a live case in mining logistics the results are very encouraging. The solution was cost effective and also technically superior compared to previous solutions. Practical implications The paper proposes a step-by-step methodology for the integration of Six Sigma with C-K tools. The methodology is practically applied in a live case. Organizations can use findings from this paper to implement an integration model of Six Sigma with C-K theory. Originality/value This is the first paper that proposes an integration methodology of Six Sigma with C-K theory to enhance the innovation capability to achieve the OPEX.

Analogies in interaction: practical reasoning and participatory design

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Lundmark ◽  
Gustav Lymer
Keyword(s):  
Participatory Design ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Youth Counseling ◽  
Problem Formulations ◽  
Design Reasoning

AbstractThe present study examines a set of discussions among professional counselors in the area of youth counseling, as they participate in the development and design of an online video-mediated communication platform. With an overarching interest in how participatory design is performed through conversations, the analysis focuses on analogical reasoning through which the envisaged system is anchored to existing technologies and work practices. Three forms of analogical reasoning are identified: formulating design alternatives; challenging problem formulations; and telling stories. In various ways, these forms of analogical reasoning inform the ongoing design decision-making process, where the hypothetical technology and its organizational and work-related implications are evaluated. The study contributes to how analogical reasoning is done in interaction, and places the findings in the context of participatory design and studies of design reasoning.

Pinpoint: A Design Study in Interactive Visualization for Finding People in a Large Organization

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Forsén ◽  
Thomas Lundin ◽  
Jonas Löwgren
Keyword(s):  
Information Visualization ◽  
Knowledge Workers ◽  
Interactive Visualization ◽  
Empirical Validation ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Large Organization ◽  
The Common ◽  
Design Reasoning ◽  
Intended Use

This design study reports on how information visualization was applied to the common problem for knowledge workers to find people with relevant expertise and interests in a large organization. The outcome is the Pinpoint concept, an interactive visualization where the user's most closely related colleagues are presented radially for browsing, filtering and further exploration of the topical networks of the organization. Based on design reasoning and empirical validation, we claim that the concept approaches desirability as well as usefulness and usability in its intended use situation. We further argue that it is feasible for deployment under certain conditions, and that it is applicable in a range of large organizations if organization-specific policies and standards are taken into account.

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