The Broad Impact of Infectious Disease Epidemics on Human Civilization: A Public Health Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-95
Author(s):  
Amarjeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Disease Epidemics

scholarly journals The Public Health perspective on Migratory Health – Displaced Populations in Global Disease Epidemics

10.5772/59069 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Fokunang ◽  
Estella Tembe-Fokunang ◽  
Zacharia Sando ◽  
Marceline Ngounoue Djuidje ◽  
Barbara Atogho Tiedeu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
The Public ◽  
Displaced Populations ◽  
Disease Epidemics

scholarly journals Twenty Years of Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities for Effective Management of Infectious Disease Epidemics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Mremi ◽  
Janeth George ◽  
Susan F. Rumisha ◽  
Calvin Sindato ◽  
Leonard E.G. Mboera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Management Information System ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Abstract Background: Public health surveillance requires valid, timely and complete health information for early detection of outbreaks. Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) adopted Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) strategy in 1998 in response to an increased frequency of emerging and re-emerging diseases in the region. This systematic review aimed to analyse how IDSR implementation has embraced advancement in information technology, big data analytics techniques and wealth of data sources to strengthen detection and management of infectious disease epidemics in SSA. Methods: A search for eligible articles was done through HINARI, PubMed, and advanced Google Scholar databases. The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols checklist. Using the key search descriptors, 1,809 articles were identified and screened at two stages and 45 studies met the inclusion criteria for detailed review.Results: Of the 45 studies, 35 were country-specific, seven studies covered the region and three studies covered 3-4 countries. A total of 24 studies assessed the IDSR core functions while 42 studies assessed the support functions. Twenty-three studies addressed both the core and support functions. Most of the studies involved Tanzania (9), Ghana (6) and Uganda (5). The implementation of the IDSR strategy has shown improvements mainly in the support functions. The Health Management Information System (HMIS) has remained the main source of IDSR data. However, the HMIS system is characterised by inadequate data completeness, timeliness, quality, analysis and utilisation as well as lack of integration of data from sources other than health care facilities. Conclusion: In most SSA, HMIS is the main source of IDSR data, characterised by incompleteness, inconsistency and inaccuracy. This data is considered to be biased and reflects only the population seeking care from healthcare facilities. Community-based event-based surveillance is weak and non-existence in the majority of the countries. Data from other systems are not effectively utilized and integrated for surveillance. It is recommended that SSA countries consider and adopt multi-sectoral, multi-disease and multi-indicator platforms that integrate the existing surveillance systems with other sources of health information to provide support to effective detection and prompt response to public health threats.

Operationalizing Public Health Skills to Resource Poor Settings: Is This the Achilles Heel in the Ebola Epidemic Campaign?

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Burkle
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Public Health Preparedness ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
Medical Teams ◽  
Disease Epidemics

AbstractSustainable approaches to crises, especially non-trauma-related public health emergencies, are severely lacking. At present, the Ebola crisis is defining the operational public health skill sets for infectious disease epidemics that are not widely known or appreciated. Indigenous and foreign medical teams will need to adapt to build competency-based curriculum and standards of care for the future that concentrate on public health emergencies. Only by adjusting and adapting specific operational public health skill sets to resource poor environments will it be possible to provide sustainable prevention and preparedness initiatives that work well across cultures and borders.(Diaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-3)

Ebola, Quarantine, and the Scale of Ethics

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Koch
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Disaster Medicine ◽  
West African ◽  
The West ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Broad Public Health ◽  
The Individual

AbstractObjectiveThe West African Ebola epidemic has raised fundamental questions about the ethical and practical use of quarantine measures during infectious disease events.MethodsThis article first reviews the idea of containment in response to disease and the means by which containment has been perceived. It then proposes that disaster medicine, whose focus is the individual, and public health in its focus on populations have related but distinct ethical imperatives. The means by which both were deployed in the West African Ebola epidemic are considered.ResultsThe argument is made that a narrow focus on the individual patient or community prevented an early recognition of the potential for disease expansion. In this case, a broad public health perspective was overshadowed by localized attention.ConclusionsIn the future, a public health perspective is a necessary and ethical priority and thus the use of isolation and containment in conjunction with the imperative to treat that is the focus of medical ethics. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:654–661)

scholarly journals MULTI-WAVE COVID-19 PANDEMIC DYNAMICS IN ICELAND IN TERMS OF DOUBLE SIGMOIDAL BOLTZMANN EQUATION (DSBE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinaki Pal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Boltzmann Equation ◽  
Wave Transmission ◽  
Simple Mathematical Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Disease Epidemics ◽  
Over Time

The world is facing multi-wave transmission of COVID-19 pandemics, and investigations are rigorously carried out on modeling the dynamics of the pandemic. Multi-wave transmission during infectious disease epidemics is a big challenge to public health. Here we introduce a simple mathematical model, the double sigmoidal-Boltzmann equation (DSBE), for analyzing the multi-wave Covid-19 spread in Iceland in terms of the number of cumulative cases. Simulation results and the main parameters that characterize multi waves are derived, yielding important information about the behavior of the multi-wave pandemics over time. The result of the current examination reveals the effectiveness and efficacy of DSBE for exploring the Covid 19 dynamics in Iceland and can be employed to examine the pandemic situation in different countries undergoing multi-waves.

scholarly journals IL-6 and IFNγ are elevated in severe mumps cases: a study of 960 mumps patients in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Wang ◽  
Yueke Zhu ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Yanmei Jiao ◽  
Nicholas Van Halm-Lutterodt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Serum Cytokines ◽  
Common Infectious Disease ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Introduction: Mumps is a common infectious disease. Epidemics of mumps are reported globally every year and represent a threat to public health, especially in China and other developing countries. Methodology: Clinical and laboratory findings of 960 mumps patients admitted to Beijing You’an Hospital, China, between January 2010 and December 2012 were collected and analyzed. Patients with isolated complication were selected and grouped as aseptic meningitis/encephalitis (AME) patients (n = 156) and Orchitis patients (n = 72). One hundred and fifty patients without complication were grouped as control. Levels of T cell subtypes and 8 serum cytokines were also tested. Results: Majority of mumps patients were male (76.3%) and younger than 17 years old (76.2%). AME was complicated in 41.6% of mumps cases, and orchitis was in 21.3% (64.7% were left-sided). Unvacinated patients had more chance to have AME or orchitis (p = 0.034 and 0.027). The rates of AME and orchitis in mumps patients rapidly increased during the last three years. No laboratory findings were associated with AME or orchitis (all p > 0.05). Serum IL-10 level was elevated in almost all patients. IL-6 and IFNγ levels were correlated with AME (p = 0.025 and p = 0.018). Their levels peaked at day one after admission, and started to decline thereafter. Conclusions: This study suggests that the incidence of serious complications has become more common in recent years, moreover IL-6 and IFNγ may possibly be used as early serum markers for identifying patients with risk of developing complications in mumps.

scholarly journals Probabilistic forecasting in infectious disease epidemiology: The thirteenth Armitage lecture

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonhard Held ◽  
Sebastian Meyer ◽  
Johannes Bracher
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Probabilistic Forecasting ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Public Health Perspective ◽  
Probabilistic Forecasts ◽  
Norovirus Gastroenteritis

Routine surveillance of notifiable infectious diseases gives rise to daily or weekly counts of reported cases stratified by region and age group. From a public health perspective, forecasts of infectious disease spread are of central importance. We argue that such forecasts need to properly incorporate the attached uncertainty, so should be probabilistic in nature. However, forecasts also need to take into account temporal dependencies inherent to communicable diseases, spatial dynamics through human travel, and social contact patterns between age groups. We describe a multivariate time series model for weekly surveillance counts on norovirus gastroenteritis from the 12 city districts of Berlin, in six age groups, from week 2011/27 to week 2015/26. The following year (2015/27 to 2016/26) is used to assess the quality of the predictions. Probabilistic forecasts of the total number of cases can be derived through Monte Carlo simulation, but first and second moments are also available analytically. Final size forecasts as well as multivariate forecasts of the total number of cases by age group, by district, and by week are compared across different models of varying complexity. This leads to a more general discussion of issues regarding modelling, prediction and evaluation of public health surveillance data.

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